The Explosive Weapons Monitor monitors state positions on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas and the Political Declaration. This monitoring takes stock of state positions since 2009, including acknowledgement of the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas, commitments to action to address it, participation in the negotiations of the Political Declaration, and information shared on national efforts on universalisation and implementation of the Political Declaration.
Ongoing monitoring of state positions now includes statements delivered by states in relevant fora, including UN General Assembly First Committee meetings, the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians, meetings of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, key meetings related to the Political Declaration, as well as responses to the Explosive Weapons Monitor’s state surveys on implementation. State profiles were last updated in March 2025 and include statements made by states through 31 December 2024.
[{"id":"89","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"AF","countryName":"Afghanistan"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Afghanistan has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration but has, however, participated in other related events including the 2019 Vienna Conference on Protecting Civilians in Urban Warfare[1].</span><span> </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>In a statement during the General Debate of the 69th UN General Assembly First Committee in 2014, Afghanistan noted that the “use of high Explosive Weapons systems with wide area effect, such as mortars, rockets and grenades, by terrorist groups in civilian populated areas and use of civilians as human shields have resulted in a dramatic increase in civilian casualties.”[2] </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Afghanistan aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[3]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘Vienna Conference on Protecting Civilians in Urban Warfare: Summary of the Conference’. Federal Ministry, Republic of Austria. Reaching Critical Will. 2019. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/vienna-2019/Vienna-summary.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/vienna-2019/Vienna-summary.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘UNGA69 First Committee Statement’. Permanent Mission of Afghanistan to the United Nations. 14 October 2014. </span><a href=\"https://front.un-arm.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/special/meetings/firstcommittee/69/pdfs/GD_14_Oct_Afghanistan.pdf\"><span>https://front.un-arm.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/special/meetings/firstcommittee/69/pdfs/GD_14_Oct_Afghanistan.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>.</span><span> </span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"1","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"AL","countryName":"Albania"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Albania was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. There, Albania reaffirmed states’ obligations under applicable International Law, and expressed its commitment to strengthening the protection of civilians and civilian objects during and after armed conflict, as well as to addressing the humanitarian consequences arising from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. During the fourth round of consultations in April 2022, Albania also </span><span>endorsed the European Union (EU) statement expressing support for the initiative. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<h2><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Albania has spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas several times at the UN Security Council, primarily highlighting the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">broad harms caused to civilians by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. At the UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities on 25 January 2022, Albania warned that when cities become theatres of war, streets become deathbeds and that the use of explosive weapons in populated areas always leads to mass civilian casualties, destruction of critical infrastructure, and displacement. Notably, it also </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">called on all parties to conflict to stop or avoid the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.[1] Later that year, at the UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians, Albania reiterated that “every conflict brings a </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">devastating impact on civilians, critical civilian infrastructure, livelihoods, education, health systems, and food and water security, particularly when explosive weapons are used in populated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.”[2] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Alongside its individual statements, Albania has aligned with several statements delivered by the European Union (EU) on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas beyond the negotiations to develop a Political Declaration. Albania aligned with the EU’s statement to the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023 in which the EU w</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>elcomed the Political Declaration, highlighted the <strong>importance of its adoption, and </strong></span><strong>emphasised the</strong></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"> importance of implementing the declaration’s commitments</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> (including at the </span><span>2024 Oslo Conference)</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>[3]. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Albania also aligned itself with the EU’s statement at the UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians in 2024, which expressed deep concern for ‘<strong>the use and humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas, which has significant civilian impact and </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">should thus be restricted or avoided</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>’</strong>.[4] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>As a member of the </span><span>Organisation</span><span> of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), Albania is also aligned with the May 2016 World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’, including the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[5] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW81178002 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW81178002 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW81178002 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW81178002 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW81178002 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilian</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW81178002 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>s</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW81178002 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW81178002 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW81178002 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW81178002 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW81178002 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n22/360/47/pdf/n2236047.pdf?token=pQUi7ak5PPWqfo9bj7&fe=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n22/360/47/pdf/n2236047.pdf?token=pQUi7ak5PPWqfo9bj7&fe=true</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW81178002 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW81178002 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW81178002 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW81178002 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>European Union. 2023. ‘Statement on Conventional Weapons’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW81178002 BCX0\" href=\"https://estatements.unmeetings.org/estatements/11.0010/20231023100000000/6geoPnJ6HnKK/M8SpW99Xe5MF_en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://estatements.unmeetings.org/estatements/11.0010/20231023100000000/6geoPnJ6HnKK/M8SpW99Xe5MF_en.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW81178002 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW81178002 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW81178002 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW81178002 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW81178002 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW81178002 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW81178002 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW81178002 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW81178002 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘</span><span>Organisation</span><span> of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW81178002 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.htm</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW81178002 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>l</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"90","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"DZ","countryName":"Algeria"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Algeria has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It did, however, actively participate in the fourth round of consultations towards a Political Declaration in April 2022. It commended the reaffirmation in the draft declaration of the commitment to respecting International Humanitarian Law (IHL) during armed conflict. It stressed the imperative of <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">fully implementing the rules and principles that already exist in IHL, and said that the draft should reflect that states do not intend to create new rules</strong>. It recalled the position expressed by the Arab Group during the March 2021 consultations, which stressed that <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">all reference to non-state armed groups should be strictly limited to IHL and should be without prejudice to the principle of self-determination and resistance against foreign aggression/occupation</strong>. Algeria also proposed the inclusion of wording that clarifies that the follow-up and implementation of the declaration needs to be ensured in line with obligations arising from instruments to which states are a party.[1]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Algeria attended the first international follow-up meeting on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Algeria has, <strong>as part of the Arab Group</strong>, delivered statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. A working paper submitted to the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2024, <strong>drew attention to the Political Declaration, and the importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.[2]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 3’. </span><span><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWCKiv5gpPI\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWCKiv5gpPI</a></span><span>.</span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Arab Group, ‘Working Paper: Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon’, 19 November 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW116982145 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"3","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"AD","countryName":"Andorra"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100685392 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Andorra was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100685392 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Andorra endorsed the Ireland-led joint statement during the 74th session of the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2019.[1] The statement </span><span>recognised</span><span> the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">devastating humanitarian effects of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> and encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration on this issue.</span></span></p>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100685392 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100685392 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Andorra spoke at the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, where it stressed the importance of disarmament, and spoke about explosive weapons in this context, </span><span>emphasising</span><span> its endorsement of the Political Declaration.[2] Andorra also aligned itself with the EU’s statement which stated it was ‘<strong>deeply concerned by the use and humanitarian consequences of </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">explosive weapons in populated areas, which has significant civilian impact and should thus be restricted or avoided</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>’.[3] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n</div>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW46233714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW46233714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW46233714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW46233714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. 2019.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW46233714 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW46233714 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW46233714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW46233714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW46233714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW46233714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations S/PV.9632 (Resumption 2) 22 May 2024, p. 5-6 </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW46233714 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/142/87/pdf/n2414287.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/142/87/pdf/n2414287.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW46233714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW46233714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW46233714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW46233714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW46233714 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"91","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"AO","countryName":"Angola"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Angola has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (explosive weapons in populated areas). It did, however, participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. At the second consultation toward a Political Declaration in February 2020, Angola delivered general remarks on behalf of the Group of African States in response to the proposed elements for the Political Declaration. In the remarks, Angola called for the Political Declaration to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">recognise the extent of harm of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and to be “actionable, measurable, result–based; with action-oriented commitments that strengthen accountability and combat impunity.</strong>”[1]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Angola attended the first international follow-up meeting on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>In 2017, Angola endorsed the communiqué arising from the Maputo Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas[2]. The Maputo Communiqué discussed the harms of explosive weapons in populated areas, the role of African states in working against it, and the need to create a Political Declaration on the matter. The 19 African states present agreed to work independently and cooperatively to, <em style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">inter alia</em>: <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; encourage <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">collection of data and information</strong>; fully <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">support the process towards adoption of an international Political Declaration</strong>; promote <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">bilateral and regional cooperation through sharing experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm</strong> caused by explosive weapons to civilians; constructively <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engage in discussions and initiatives at international level</strong> that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; foster deeper and further <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engagement from African States</strong>; and strengthen <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Angola was also one of 50 states to endorse the joint statement on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2018, calling attention to the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas </strong>and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[3]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>’Group of African States Draft Statement at the Informal Consultations on the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 10 February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/10Feb_African-States.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/10Feb_African-States.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Communiqué from Maputo Regional Conference on the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 28 November 2017. Available from: </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"92","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"AG","countryName":"Antigua and Barbuda"}}},"region":"Caribbean","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Antigua and Barbuda has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Along with 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, Antigua and Barbuda participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018. The meeting produced the Santiago Communiqué, in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue. This included: <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; act to<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> enhance compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law </strong>to ensure the protection of civilians and civilian objects; fully support the process that will lead to the negotiation and adoption of an international political declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas; encourage <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">collection of data</strong>; promote bilateral and regional cooperation through <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">sharing experiences, good practices and expertise</strong>; constructively engage in discussions and initiatives at the international level that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">strengthen cooperation and partnerships with international organisations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.[1]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Antigua and Barbuda endorsed the Ireland-led joint statement during the 74th session of the United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2019.[2] The statement recognised the devastating humanitarian effects of the use EWIPA and encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of EWIPA on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international political declaration on this issue.[3]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\"><span>https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"4","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"AR","countryName":"Argentina"}}},"region":"Latin_America","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW190489847 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Argentina was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW190489847 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Argentina expressed its commitment to the Political Declaration process set out in the Santiago Communiqué in a statement during the May 2019 UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in Armed Conflict[1] and in the first informal consultations on the Declaration in November 2019, Argentina delivered a joint statement with seven other Latin American and Caribbean states. In this statement, states delineated key elements of a Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</span><span> including: acknowledgement of the likely </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">humanitarian consequences</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> of the use of explosive weapons of wide area effects in populated areas; a </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span><strong>commitment to avoid use</strong> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>of such weapons in populated areas and to </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>develop military operational policies and procedures</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> in this regard and</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> identify, <strong>develop and exchange best practices</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; promote greater </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span><strong>compliance with International Humanitarian Law</strong> (IHL)<strong> and International Human Rights Law</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; commit states to </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">enable secure and sustainable humanitarian access</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; </span><span>recognise</span><span> t</span><span>he </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">rights of victims and affected communities</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; encourage collection of </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">disaggregated data</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; strengthen </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">cooperation and partnerships with international organisations and civil society organisations</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span><strong> </strong>to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.[2] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW190489847 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Argentina also delivered several individual statements during the consultations towards a Political Declaration,[3] in which it </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">welcomed references to the Safe Schools Declaration</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"> as well as the inclusion of</span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"> </span><span data-contrast=\"none\">hospitals and places of worship</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong> </strong>in the draft Political Declaration text.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> In particular, Argentina </span><span>emphasised</span><span> the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">long-term and reverberating effects</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span><strong> </strong>of explosive weapons use on civilians, and encouraged the recognition of a strong </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">link between explosive weapons use and human rights violations</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>It also agreed with civil society and many other states that </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>caveats such as “can” or “could” when referring to the effects of explosive </span><span>weapons in populated areas on civilians should be avoided</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. When endorsing the Declaration, Argentina </span><span>emphasised</span><span> that the Political Declaration is both a fundamental step and also an </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">urgent call to action</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>, and welcomed the inclusion of promotion of respect for IHL and human rights, as well as the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">differentiated impact on women and children</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>, in the final text.[4]</span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Argentina attended the first implementation conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. At the conference, Argentina underlined that the use of explosive weapons in populated areas is a major cause of civilian deaths and injuries. In the context of EWIPA, it called for greater compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law, particularly full compliance with the principles of distinction, precaution and proportionality, stating that military doctrines and guidelines must be in line with these. Argentina welcomed the initiative to review states’ implementation and highlighted the opportunity for global south and north states to cooperate.[5]</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Argentina first acknowledged the harm of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas in a statement during the 2015 UN Security Council open debate on children and armed conflict, in which it </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">recognised</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> the</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> <strong>catastrophic impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians, particularly children</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>.</strong>[6] Since then, Argentina has several times raised the issue of explosive weapons use in international forums including in December 2018 at the Annual Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons where it condemned the alarming prevalence of harm to civilians and civilian infrastructure, and at the 2022 </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">UN Security Council Debate on the Protection of Civilians, where i</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">t stressed there is an </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>urgent need for parties to conflict to avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide-area effects in populated areas</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>.</strong>[7] At the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians, Argentina expressed concern for the use of explosive weapons in urban contexts and attacks on critical infrastructure, stating that these exacerbate risks to the protection of civilians.[8] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Alongside its individual statements, Argentina has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Alongside 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, Argentina participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018, resulting in the</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> <strong>Santiago Communiqué in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.[9] In October 2018, Argentina was one of 50 states to endorse a joint statement on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impacts</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong> of the use of explosive weapons</strong> in populated areas and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm,[10] and the following year endorsed a similar statement to First Committee that encouraged states to participate in the creation of an international Political Declaration.[11] </span></span> </span></p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW57932894 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW57932894 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW57932894 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8534. 23 May 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW57932894 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW57932894 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW57932894 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Latin American and Caribbean states: Joint Statement to the First Informal Consultations’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 18 November 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW57932894 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Joint-Statement-of-LATAM-and-Caribbean-States-Written-Submission---18-November-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/explosive weapons in populatedareas/Joint-Statement-of-LATAM-and-Caribbean-States-Written-Submission—18-November-2019.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">f</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW57932894 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW57932894 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. Available from: </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW57932894 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Consultations – Afternoon’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW57932894 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nO5frX2hnM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nO5frX2hnM</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW57932894 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW57932894 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Argentine Declaration: EWIPA Dublin Conference, 2022’. 18 November 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW57932894 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/Nov22_Argentina.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/Nov22_Argentina.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW57932894 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW57932894 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Reaching Critical Will, Notes from the First International Implementation Conference on the Political Declaration. April 2024</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW57932894 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW57932894 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Children and Armed Conflict - Security Council, 7466th meeting’. United Nations Security Council. 23 June 2015. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW57932894 BCX0\" href=\"https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1p/k1psgdzh19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1p/k1psgdzh1</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW57932894 BCX0\" href=\"https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1p/k1psgdzh19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">9</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW57932894 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW57932894 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW57932894 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n22/360/47/pdf/n2236047.pdf?token=pQUi7ak5PPWqfo9bj7&fe=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n22/360/47/pdf/n2236047.pdf?token=pQUi7ak5PPWqfo9bj7&fe=true</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW57932894 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW57932894 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">UN Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1) 21 May 2024. P.13 </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW57932894 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW57932894 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW57932894 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW57932894 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW57932894 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chil</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW57932894 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">e</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW57932894 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW57932894 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 2018. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW57932894 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW57932894 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW57932894 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW57932894 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW57932894 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"93","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"AM","countryName":"Armenia"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Armenia has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>During the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2020, Armenia <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">condemned the use of explosive weapons targeting civilians and civilian infrastructure</strong> by Azerbaijani armed forces.[1] During the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2022, Armenia also referenced the harmful use of explosive weapons in populated areas by Azerbaijan.[2]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘UNGA75 First Committee General Debate Statement’. Permanent Mission of Armenia. 12 October 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com20/statements/12Oct_Armenia.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com20/statements/12Oct_Armenia.pdf</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘UNGA77 First Committee General Debate Statement’. Permanent Mission of Armenia. 6 October 2022. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com22/statements/6Oct_Armenia.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com22/statements/6Oct_Armenia.pdf</span></a><span>. </span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"5","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"AU","countryName":"Australia"}}},"region":"Pacific","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Australia </span><span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span> <span>Australia regularly delivered statements throughout the consultations towards a Political Declaration, as well as raising concerns around explosive weapons in populated areas and expressing support for a Political Declaration in other multilateral forums.</span> In the first consultations on the declaration in November 2019, Australia submitted a written statement on the scope and content of a Political Declaration, noting that it should, <em>inter alia</em>: <strong>distinguish between lawful use of explosive weapons use in breach of international humanitarian law</strong>; reinforce the importance of universal respect for existing principles of international humanitarian law and recall that international <strong>humanitarian law applies to non-state actors</strong> who are parties to armed conflict; underline the importance of attention to <strong>military policies and practices</strong> as well as the testing of new weapons and means and methods of warfare before use in armed conflict; recognise that, in certain circumstances, a failure to apply force can itself have serious humanitarian consequences such as prolongation of conflict; and <strong>encourage the sharing of good practices and operational policies</strong> relevant to reducing the risk of civilian harm in armed conflict in populated areas.”[1]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">As the consultation process progressed, Australia delivered several additional statements in response to the evolving draft of the Political Declaration. Several of these interventions were aimed at <strong>emphasising that the harms caused to civilians by explosive weapons use in populated areas are a possibility instead of an inherent effect of such use</strong>. For example, Australia agreed with the UK that instead of saying that explosive weapons in populated areas use “is having” devastating impacts, the declaration should say that it “can have” these impacts or that these impacts “can arise” from explosive weapons in populated areas use.[2] In the March 2021 consultations, Australia <strong>supported the proposed addition of qualifiers in the text to indicate that harm “can” potentially arise</strong> from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It also argued that <strong>the Political Declaration should focus on promoting existing IHL</strong>, as strengthening compliance with IHL would be useful to effectively regulate the use of explosive weapons in populated areas without needing to create new obligations.[3] During the fourth consultations in April 2022, Australia recommended the <strong>addition of “impartial” in relating to humanitarian relief</strong> in paragraph and also expressed <strong>reservations about the term “reverberating effects”</strong>.[4]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">At the United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2022, Australia welcomed the conclusion of the negotiations on the Political Declaration, referring to the finalized text as a “bright spot” in 2022.[5] At the signing ceremony in Dublin in November 2022, Australia noted that “while the <strong>use of explosive weapons in populated areas is not prohibited by IHL, the right of parties in an armed conflict to choose methods or means of warfare is not unlimited</strong>”.[6]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Australia attended the first international implementation conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW169588765 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169588765 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the first international implementation conference on the Political Declaration, Australia underlined the historical milestone that was the adoption of the Political Declaration, and that, tragically, the need for the Declaration is more urgent than ever, naming the harm to civilians and destruction of infrastructure in Palestine specifically. Australia emphasised its readiness to deliver on the Declaration’s commitments and promote its universalisation, sharing that reference to the Political Declaration was made in its </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Law of Armed Conflict Doctrine </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>(updated in 2023), and applauded initiatives to improve data collection mechanisms to track and respond to civilian harm and encouraged further discussions herein.[7]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n</div>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169588765 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Australia has frequently spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, primarily to condemn the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">harms caused to civilians when explosive weapons are used without regard for international humanitarian law and call for action to better protect civilians from harm</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>At the 2022 Meeting of the CCW High Contracting Parties in November, Australia expressed hope that the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas will <strong>contribute to improving IHL compliance and enhance the protection of civilians</strong>.[8] At several UN Security Council open debates on the protection of civilians in armed conflict Australia included in its statement a condemnation of the use of “powerful”</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>[9] explosive weapons in populated areas without regard for international humanitarian law restrictions as a clear violation of the limits of conflict. At the 2024 debate, <strong>Australia expressed alarm over the</strong> 72% rise in civilian casualties from 2022 to 2023, the <strong>significant number of civilians killed or injured </strong></span><strong>by the use of</strong><span><strong> explosive weapons</strong> herein, <strong>and the targeting and destruction of critical infrastructure</strong>, such as water supplies, schools and hospitals, and the reverberating effects herein, mentioning Gaza. Sudan, Burkina Faso and Ukraine specifically. Australia urged all states to endorse the Political Declaration.[10] At the 2024 UN General Assembly’s First Committee on Disarmament and International Security, Australia drew attention to the Political Declaration and emphasised the need to honour its commitments to mitigate and prevent harm to civilians from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.[11] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169588765 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Alongside its individual statements, Australia has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. At the January 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities, the Group of Friends of the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict (of which Australia is a member) called on states to enhance the protection of civilians, </span><span>including from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and took note of the ongoing consultations to develop a Political Declaration on this subject.[12] The Group made similar remarks at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians,[13] and noted the adoption of the Political Declaration at the 2023 open debate.[14] The Group’s statement in 2024 highlighted the widespread and reverberating harm caused by the destruction of critical infrastructure, and welcomed initiatives that provide a more nuanced understanding of how patterns and types of harm affect different groups and identified the Political Declaration as a concrete tool to minimise such harm effectively.[15]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Implementation of the Political Declaration</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW128970376 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In February 2024, INEW and EWM conducted a state survey into endorser states' national efforts to disseminate and implement the Political Declaration. In the survey, Australia reported that it had </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>disseminated the Political Declaration,</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> specifically to its departments of Defence and Foreign Affairs and Trade. In addition, Australia reported that it has</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> nominated a point person responsible for the implementation of the Declaration</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> in its Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, namely a Director in its Emerging Technologies and Conventional Weapons.[16]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW128970376 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Australia responded that it </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>had conducted briefings, workshops or trainings on the content of the Political Declaration</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. It emphasised its adherence to international humanitarian law, which is reflected in policies, doctrine directives and instructions. On the use of explosive weapons specifically, it stated that its ‘training continuum ensures ADF commanders consider minimising the impact of operations on civilian populations, where possible and ensuring that targets within populated areas are legitimate and necessary to engage.’[17]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW128970376 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Australia</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> identified a number of policies, practices, laws or doctrines that could be used to implement the Declaration’s commitments</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, including its Rules of Engagement, Law of Armed Conflict Doctrine - the 2023 update includes reference to the Declaration - and the Defence Force’s Targeting Doctrine.[18]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW128970376 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>To view all of Australia’s responses to the INEW and EWM state survey, and other states’ responses, see the </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW128970376 BCX0\" href=\"https://explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/reports/1/explosive-weapons-monitor-2023/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">Explosive Weapons Monitor 2023</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, Chapter III on Universalisation and Implementation of the Political Declaration.</span></span></p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW123932071 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW123932071 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW123932071 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>’Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Australian Statement’. 18 November 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW123932071 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/18Nov_Australia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/18Nov_Australia.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW123932071 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW123932071 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. (2020) ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW123932071 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaratio</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW123932071 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>n</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW123932071 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW123932071 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW123932071 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Towards a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas: states need to ensure that expressed commitments translate into real impacts on the ground’. Reaching Critical Will (2019). </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW123932071 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-groun</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW123932071 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>d</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW123932071 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW123932071 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW123932071 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Consultations – Afternoon’. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW123932071 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nO5frX2hnM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nO5frX2hnM</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW123932071 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW123932071 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Australia (2022). ‘UNGA77 First Committee Statement’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW123932071 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com22/statements/12Oct_Australia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com22/statements/12Oct_Australia.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW123932071 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW123932071 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Irish Foreign Ministry (2022). ‘Watch back. Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Afternoon Session’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW123932071 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW123932071 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW123932071 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Reaching Critical Will, Notes from the First International Implementation Conference on the Political Declaration. April 2024</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW123932071 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW123932071 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Acheson, A, et. al. 2022. Reaching Critical Will (2022). ‘CCW Report: Civil society perspectives on the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, 18-18 November 2022 - Vol.10 No.11’. 22 November 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW123932071 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2022/hcp-meeting/reports/CCWR10.11.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2022/hcp-meeting/reports/CCWR10.11.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW123932071 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW123932071 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>INEW (2012). ‘Security Council Debate Highlights Harm </span><span>From</span><span> Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW123932071 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/security-council-debate-highlights-harm-from-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.inew.org/security-council-debate-highlights-harm-from-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; UN</span><span> Security Council, S/PV.6917 (2013). ‘UN Security Council Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict Meeting Transcript.’</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW123932071 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> (Resumption1). </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW123932071 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW123932071 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. (2022). ‘UN Security Council debates war in cities and the protection of civilians</span><span>’ ,</span><span> Reaching Critical Will. 28 January 2022 .</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW123932071 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW123932071 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW123932071 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>UN General Assembly, First Committee, 18th plenary meeting - General Assembly, 79th session. 24 October 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW123932071 BCX0\" href=\"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k12/k128f63yp2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k12/k128f63yp2</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW123932071 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW123932071 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>UN Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 2) 22 May 2024. P.3-4 </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW123932071 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/142/87/pdf/n2414287.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/142/87/pdf/n2414287.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW123932071 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW123932071 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW123932071 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW123932071 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW123932071 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW123932071 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW123932071 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW123932071 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW123932071 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW123932071 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW123932071 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Australia’s response to the International Network on Explosive Weapons and the Explosive Weapons Monitor’s State Survey, March 2024.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW123932071 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"17\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW123932071 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW123932071 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"18\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW123932071 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW123932071 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"6","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"AT","countryName":"Austria"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Austria </span><span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, having been instrumental in raising the issue of use of explosive weapons in populated areas in multiple forums and </span><span>initiating the process towards a Political Declaration through the Vienna Conference on the Protection of Civilians in Urban Warfare.[1]</span><span> Austria was</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span><span> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Austria offered written comments on each proposed draft of the Political Declaration and delivered multiple statements during the 2019 to 2022 consultation process as well as during the signing ceremony in November 2022.[2] In November 2019 Austria delineated elements it believed should be present in a Political Declaration including: <strong>respect existing obligations under international humanitarian law (IHL)</strong> when using explosive weapons in populated areas; adopt and review for this purpose <strong>military policies and practices that will enhance the protection of civilians</strong>; implement, review, and where needed, develop or improve national policy and practice, including doctrine and rules of engagement and <strong>identify, share and support the implementation of good policy and practices</strong>; <strong>train armed forces</strong> and conduct exercises on the protection of civilians from the use explosive weapons in populated areas and urban warfare in general; collect or support the collection of <strong>reliable and relevant data, including disaggregated data, on civilian harm</strong>; provide <strong>assistance to victims</strong>; <strong>investigate and prosecute violations of applicable national and international law</strong> in the use of explosive weapons in populated areas; <strong>raise awareness of the humanitarian concern</strong> caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and urban warfare in general; <strong>promote the Political Declaration</strong>; meet on a regular basis, inviting also relevant international organisations and civil society, to <strong>review the implementation</strong> of the Political Declaration.”[3]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Throughout its engagement in the consultation process, Austria repeatedly emphasised the need for the Political Declaration to <strong>accurately reflect humanitarian impacts of use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, particularly where those weapons have wide area effects and/or there is a strong likelihood of indiscriminate effects. Austria argued that as part of this recognition, the <strong>declaration should address indirect, long-term, and reverberating effects of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, such as displacement, disruption of essential services, increased poverty, destruction of the environment, contamination through explosive remnants of war, psychological trauma, disabilities, and similar issues. Austria also argued that there should be a <strong>focus on promoting existing IHL </strong>(IHL), as strengthening compliance with IHL would be useful to effectively regulate the use of explosive weapons in populated areas without needing to create new obligations. Austria also called for the <strong>provision of timely and adequate victim assistance in a non-discriminatory manner, the consideration of non-state actors in the declaration, and the investigation of allegations</strong> of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas that is in violation of IHL, and, where appropriate, for the due prosecution of perpetrators.[4]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span>During the consultations, Austria expressed support for the <strong>inclusion of “reverberating effects”</strong> in the text and acknowledgement of the </span><strong>multifaceted nature of the effects caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong><span>, and emphasised the importance of </span>ensuring that the Political Declaration <strong>enhances compliance with IHL through political commitment and practical measures</strong> as well as <span>a </span>meaningful, transparent and inclusive follow-up process that <strong>includes all relevant stakeholders.</strong>[5] Austria also emphasised the importance of data collection, particularly <strong>disaggregated data collection</strong>, to more clearly represent the realities of explosive weapons in populated areas use.[6] Austria also welcomed that the final declaration proposes <strong>language going beyond the simple reaffirmation of the needs for states to abide by existing international law</strong> and included the commitment to ensure that armed forces adopt and implement a range of <strong>policies and practices to avoid civilian harm</strong> by restricting or refraining as appropriate from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.[7] At the signing ceremony in November 2022, Austria said that the Political Declaration follows a clear humanitarian imperative to prevent and to reduce civilian harm from explosive weapons, and that its effective implementation will require structured cooperation at global, regional and sub-regional level, in addition to the active involvement of humanitarian actors of affected communities and civil society and the military.[8]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p6\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW218558371 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Austria </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>has frequently spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. <strong>At the first international follow-up conference on the implementation of the Political Declaration, Austria expressed </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">concerns about armed conflicts taking place in urban environments</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, identifying Ukraine, Gaza and Yemen, that </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>“<strong>show patterns of massive civilian harm and the urgent need to do more for the protection of civilians</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>”</strong>. Speaking during the panel on Military Policies and Practices, the Secretary General of the Austrian Ministry of Defence, u<strong>nderlined the </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">special role Ministries of Defence and Armed Forces have in implementing the Declaration</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. Highlighting key findings from a “Military Workshop in EWIPA” organised in Vienna in 2024, the Secretary General first expressed that conflict should be avoided at all cost. To ensure adequate civilian protection, </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Austria <strong>called for the protection standards set out in the Declaration to be viewed as a legal, ethical and strategic priority for mission success and to be integrated throughout the ranks of the military, from strategic to tactical</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. A concrete first step to achieve this “could be for </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>militaries to review already existing policies and practices on protecting civilians with a view to fully integrate EWIPA</strong> and identify possible gaps or needs for adjustments in this regard</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.” Austria said </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>it had already started such a review-process</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. Austria stated that </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>recognising the <strong>need to protect civilians in accordance with the Declaration may have far-reaching consequences on the structure and role of some military branches</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. It emphasised the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>need for more civilian expertise in military planning and training</strong>,</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> and further stated that “in general, the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>knowledge of the technical characteristics of explosive munition and their delivery systems </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>as well as </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>effects they have in a specific context of use including potential direct or reverberating effects must be enhanced to take into account</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> the humanitarian consequences the use of a weapon can have.” Furthermore, Austria said efforts should be made to </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">integrate challenges to protecting the civilian population from explosive weapons when planning scenarios for military exercise</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>s</strong>, including “civilian presence, the built-op structure or the interconnectedness of services.” Austria emphasised that an “adequate level of information about the civilian environment is a decisive factor” herein. Finally, the country </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">highlighted the importance of leadership.</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> “The Commander’s intent during military operations and its transmission to the soldiers in the field is one of the most important </span><span>aspects</span><span> to ensure the protection of civilians from the humanitarian consequences of the use of EWIPA.”[9]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW218558371 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Austria has spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN, including at the Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict,[10] where it has primarily focused on </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>raising awareness of the devastating humanitarian consequences of the use of explosive weapons</strong> in populated areas on civilians and to bring attention to the urgent need to end the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> At the 2024 debate, Austria expressed that the high number of civilian casualties from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas were unacceptable, and stated that the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span><strong>Political Declaration offered a concrete toolbox</strong> for states </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>to address this, and underlined its ongoing commitment to further engage in all aspects of implementation, including military policy and practice, data collection and analysis, humanitarian access and victim assistance.[11] </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the UN Security Council open debate on children and armed conflict on 5 July 2023, Austria said it was “appalled by the growing number of verified grave violations. The overall increase in attacks against schools, hospitals and protected personnel, as well as the denial of</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> humanitarian assistance</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> and the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, is truly horrifying.”[12] During the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2021, Austria delivered a statement reiterating concern over these devastating humanitarian consequences and noting its strong support and continued engagement in the process toward a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.[13] At the same meeting in 2022, Austria made clear that it is “strongly committed to the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">implementation of the Declaration together with all relevant stakeholders</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, [s]</span><span>tates</span><span>, UN entities, the [International Committee of the Red Cross], international and regional organisations, humanitarian actors, survivors and civil society, to ensure that the measures foreseen will effectively be implemented without delay in order save lives and reduce civilian harm.”[14] Austria has also expressed similar positions at the UN Security Council open debate on children and armed conflict, the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on war in cities and the World Humanitarian Summit Roundtable on Upholding the Norms that Safeguard Humanity (May 2016). During the UN General Assembly’s First Committee in 2024, Austria expressed deep concern for “unacceptable levels of civilian harm caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas” as armed conflicts predominantly shift to urban environments. It called on all states to endorse the Political Declaration and work together to prevent and mitigate the harm to civilians, and underlined its dedication to universalisation and effective implementation, including by militaries.[15] Austria also expressed support for the Political Declaration at the 2024 Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons.[16]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW218558371 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Since signing the Political Declaration, </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Austria has </span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">repeatedly called for states to join the declaration and said it looks forward to working together with all stakeholders on its effective implementation</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> – during the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023,[17] where it also announced it will host a workshop for effective implementation of the declaration in January 2024 in Vienna,[18] and during the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict on 23 May 2023</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW218558371 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Alongside its individual statements, Austria has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. As a member of the European Union (EU), Austria has signed onto numerous joint statements </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the protection of civilians in armed conflict[19</span><span>] and</span><span> at the General Debates of UN General Assembly First Committee,[20] as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>i<strong>ndiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</strong>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>[21] At the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on protection of civilians, the EU stated it was ‘deeply concerned by the use and humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas, which has significant civilian impact and should thus be restricted or avoided.[22] ’The EU, with Austria signing on, has also </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration</strong> on explosive weapons in populated areas</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians. Austria also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>.</strong>”[23] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW218558371 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW218558371 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>As a member of the Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, Austria has supported statements at the UN Security Council stressing the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">importance of</span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> respecting IHL and the need to enhance the protection of civilians</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>[24]. At the 2024 debate, the Group highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that “the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations.” To that end, the Political Declaration was identified as providing “practical tools that ensure that protection is real and effective</span><span>.”[</span><span>25</span><span>] Austria</span><span> is also a member of the</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Group of Friends of Action on Conflict and Hunger, which has strongly </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>welcomed the Political Declaration, called on other states to join it</strong>, and said that the <strong>Oslo Conference would provide a critical opportunity to make progress in implementing the Declaration</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.[26] In 2018 and 2019, Austria joined around 50 states to endorse a joint statement on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[27] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p6\"><span><strong>Implementation of the Political Declaration</strong></span></h2>\n</div>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW124716904 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In February 2024, INEW and EWM conducted a state survey into endorser states' national efforts to disseminate and implement the Political Declaration. In the survey, Austria reported that<strong> it has </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">disseminated the Political Declaration to the departments of defence, foreign affairs and development, armed forces</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong> and other stakeholders</strong>. Universalisation and national implementation of the Political Declaration was set out as a priority by the Foreign Minister in a speech to Parliament outlining the department’s priorities to be engaged in the framework for the European Union for 2024.[28]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW124716904 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">Ministry of Foreign Affairs </span><span data-contrast=\"none\">and</span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> </span><span data-contrast=\"none\">the</span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces have joint responsibility for the implementation</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> of the Political Declaration, with </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>point people </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>nominated in both; the Head of Unit for Conventional Weapons, Department for Disarmament, Arms Control and Non-Proliferation and a staffer in the Military Policy Division, respectively.[29]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW124716904 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Austria stated that it </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>had conducted briefings, workshops or trainings on the content of the Political Declaration, and that its Ministry of Defence had developed an ‘implementation plan’ which highlights different areas of work</strong>, </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>approved by the Secretary General of the MoD in August 2023. A work group has been established to oversee implementation measures and identify further areas of work. Briefings have been conducted </span><span>to familiarise</span><span> departments and divisions with the Declaration and its commitments, alongside an ongoing implementation process, including with the Capability Development Department at the Military Operations Department and the Army School.[30]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW124716904 BCX0\"><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">In January 2024, the Austrian Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs and the Federal Ministry of Defence jointly conducted a ‘Vienna Military Workshop on the implementation of the EWIPA Political Declaration’.</span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> The workshop was </span><span data-contrast=\"none\">attended by more than 100 participants</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, including military experts from endorsing states, and representatives from the UN, ICRC, national chapters of the Red Cross, academia and civil society. The workshop outcome document set out concrete recommendations for implementation.[31]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW124716904 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In March 2023, the Regional Conference of European National Committees on International Humanitarian Law was convened in Vienna, jointly organised by the Austrian MFA and the ICRC. One topic of discussion was ‘protection of critical infrastructure, urban warfare, EWIPA and the implementation of the Political Declaration” where universalisation and implementation were discussed and the declaration disseminated.[32]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW124716904 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The Austrian National Committee on IHL are regularly informed about national progress on the implementation of the Political Declaration.[33]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW124716904 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In October 2019, the Austrian MFA convened an international conference titled ‘Vienna Conference on protecting civilians in urban warfare’ a key event in the initiation of the political process towards the Political Declaration.[34]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW124716904 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>Austria has started its implementation process, but reported that it is still considering what concrete measures this requires</strong>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> Two </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>specific areas of future work have been identified</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. The first is the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">adoption of a dedicated Policy</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> on the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Protection of Civilians from the use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> “which should provide overarching policy guidance for the implementation process”. The second is to </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">integrate measures regarding the use of explosive weapons in populated areas into Austria’s Article 36 review process</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.[35]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW124716904 BCX0\"><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">Austria stated that it would draw on its existing activities on the ‘Protection of Civilians’ when implementing the Political Declaration</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, including its biannual ‘Comprehensive POC Course’, the creation of a dedicated section on ‘Human Security’, “which provides structured support in the planning and conduct of all military operations” and a plan to establish a ‘Centre of Excellence on POC”.[36]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW124716904 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Beyond this, Austria stated that the engagement of its MFA “regarding the EWIPA Political Declaration </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">fits into the overall foreign policy priority of strengthening the protection of civilians in armed conflict</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, including aspects of humanitarian assistance and development cooperation.” It stated that the MFA “</span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">aims to ensure to foster implementation of the EWIPA Political Declaration</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, including:</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Paragraph SCXW124716904 BCX0\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\">Vienna Military Workshop on the implementation of the Declaration 24/25 January 2024 to foster implementation by the military following a multi-stakeholder approach; including integration of the voices of survivors and their representative organisations;</span></li>\n<li class=\"Paragraph SCXW124716904 BCX0\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\">Dissemination and awareness raising by Austrian National Committee on IHL;</span></li>\n<li class=\"Paragraph SCXW124716904 BCX0\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\">Foreign policy/political statements on the need to implement and universalize the Declaration, including in concrete situations of armed conflict and post armed conflict.</span></li>\n<li class=\"Paragraph SCXW124716904 BCX0\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\">Regular bilateral and regional universalisation outreach on universalisation including on political level.</span></li>\n<li class=\"Paragraph SCXW124716904 BCX0\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\">Support for political work and policies to strengthen implementation of provisions regarding: (1) humanitarian access, (2) data collection regarding direct and reverberating effects, (3) victim assistance according to the rights of survivors, affected families and communities and (4) MRE and clearance obligations and commitments; including through joint efforts with related instruments such as the APMBC, the CCM and the CCW Protocol V and the CRPD. Financial contributions by the MFA to NGO network INEW to support the important work of civil society in the universalization and implementation of the Declaration and to foster a multi-stakeholder approach.\"[37]</span></li>\n</ul>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW124716904 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>To view all of Austria’s responses to the INEW and EWM state survey, and other states’ responses, see the </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW124716904 BCX0\" href=\"https://explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/reports/1/explosive-weapons-monitor-2023/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">Explosive Weapons Monitor 2023</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, Chapter III on Universalisation and Implementation of the Political Declaration.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335557856":16777215,"335559738":0,"335559739":280,"335559740":276}\"> </span></p>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW218558371 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW218558371 BCX0\"> </p>\n</div>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs. ‘Vienna Conference on Protecting Civilians in Urban Warfare’. 1-2 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/european-foreign-policy/disarmament/conventional-arms/explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/protecting-civilians-in-urban-warfare/protecting-civilians-in-urban-warfare/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/european-foreign-policy/disarmament/conventional-arms/explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/protecting-civilians-in-urban-warfare/protecting-civilians-in-urban-warfare/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>’Statements from the political declaration process on explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/disarmament-fora/ewipa/political-declaration/statements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/disarmament-fora/ewipa/political-declaration/statements</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘Draft Political Declaration circulated by Ireland on 17 March 2020 – Written Comments by Austria’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Austria-Written-Submission---17-March-2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Austria-Written-Submission—17-March-2020.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Elements for a Political Declaration: Austria’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 2019. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Austria-Written-Submission-18-November-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Austria-Written-Submission-18-November-2019.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 3’. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWCKiv5gpPI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWCKiv5gpP</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWCKiv5gpPI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>I</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, A. 2021, Reaching Critical Will. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated </span><span>areas’</span><span>. 12 March 2021. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span></span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Consultations – Afternoon’. Available from: </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nO5frX2hnM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nO5frX2hnM</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span></span><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span></span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch back. Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Afternoon Session’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Secretary General of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Defence, Dr. Arnold Kammel, </span><span>First</span><span> international follow-up conference to the adoption of the Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences Arising from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas, 23 April 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Arnold_Kammel_Austria_Session_1_5e76e8c4cb.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Arnold_Kammel_Austria_Session_1_5e76e8c4cb.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2021. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>UN Security Council. S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1), 21 May 2024. P. 26-27 https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdfS/PV.9632 (Resumption 1), 21 May 2024. P. 26-27</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9366. 5 July 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9366(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9366(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Permanent Mission of Austria to the United Nations: First Committee General Debate Statement’. Reaching Critical Will. 6 October 2021. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com21/statements/6Oct_Austria.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com21/statements/6Oct_Austria.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com21/statements/6Oct_Austria.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>f</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Young, K. (2022). ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.4’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No4.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No4.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No4.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>f</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘First Committee – 78th Session General Debate: Statement by the Permanent Mission of Austria’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 October 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/4Oct_Austria.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/4Oct_Austria.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘First Committee – 79th Session Thematic Debate – Conventional Weapons Statement by the Republic of Austria’, 24 October 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/24Oct_Austria.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/24Oct_Austria.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Civil society perspectives on the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to </span><span>the Convention</span><span> on Certain Conventional Weapons 13-15 November 2024’ Reaching Critical Will, 21 November 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/ccw-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/ccw-report</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"17\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘First Committee – 78th Session Thematic Debate - Conventional Weapons: Statement by the Permanent Mission of Austria’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 October 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_Austria.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_Austria.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"18\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2021. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; UN Security Council. S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. P.16-16 </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"19\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"19\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘EU Statement: UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>f</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"20\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"20\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"21\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"21\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Austria’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/123.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/123.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"22\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"22\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"23\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"23\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"24\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"24\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1) 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"25\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"25\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"26\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"26\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>f</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"27\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"27\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"28\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"28\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Austria’s response to INEW’s State Survey on the Implementation of the Political Declaration, April 2024. Available in the ‘Explosive Weapons Monitor 2023’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255003149 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/2023</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"29\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"29\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"30\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"30\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"31\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"31\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"32\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"32\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"33\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"33\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"34\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"34\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"35\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"35\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255003149 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"36\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255003149 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"36\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255003149 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"94","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"AZ","countryName":"Azerbaijan"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Azerbaijan has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span><span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Azerbaijan delivered a statement during the September 2012 Interactive Dialogue with the UN Special Representative of the Secretary General (SRSG) for Children and Armed Conflict at the Human Rights Council, in which it emphasised the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">distinct harms caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, particularly in cases where children become victims</strong>. Azerbaijan also spoke at the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in June 2016. There it <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">strongly condemned all attacks on civilians and civilian structures in situations of armed conflict and expressed specific concern about the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.[1] </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Azerbaijan delivered a statement on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas in the context of the hostilities between Armenia and Azerbaijan at the UN Security Council’s August 2016 Open Debate on Children and Armed Conflict.[2] In the statement, Azerbaijan <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">aligned itself with the UN Secretary General’s recommendation that all parties to the conflict refrain from explosive weapons in populated areas use, especially given the unique suffering that it causes to children</strong>.</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>During the UN General Assembly First Committee on Disarmament and International Security in the years of 2020, 2021, and 2022, Azerbaijan condemned the use of explosive weapons in populated areas against civilians in its territory by Armenia, highlighting the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">indiscriminate or disproportionate harm to civilian and civilian objects</strong> which has occurred as a result of these attacks.[3]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Azerbaijan aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations”[4]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7711. 10 June 2016. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7711\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7711.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7753. 2 August 2016. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7753\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7753.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘UNGA75 First Committee Statement’. Permanent Mission of Azerbaijan. 6 October 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com20/statements/16Oct_Azerbaijan.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com20/statements/16Oct_Azerbaijan.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘UNGA76 First Committee Statement’. Permanent Mission of Azerbaijan 7 October 2021. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com21/statements/7Oct_Azerbaijan.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com21/statements/7Oct_Azerbaijan.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘UNGA77 First Committee Statement’. Permanent Mission of Azerbaijan. 12 October 2022. </span><span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com22/statements/12Oct_Azerbaijan.pdf\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com22/statements/12Oct_Azerbaijan.pdf</a></span><span>.</span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Agenda for Humanity. <a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</a>. </li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"95","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"BS","countryName":"Bahamas"}}},"region":"Caribbean","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>The Bahamas has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>The Bahamas endorsed the Ireland-led joint statement during the 74th United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2019.[1] The statement recognised the devastating humanitarian effects of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration on this issue.[2]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"96","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"BH","countryName":"Bahrain"}}},"region":"Middle_East","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Bahrain has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in <strong>2024</strong>, a working paper submitted by the <strong>Arab Group</strong>, of which Bahrain is a member, <strong>drew attention to the Political Declaration, and the importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated area</strong>s.[1]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, of which Bahrain is a member state, it aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas,</strong> and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[2]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\">Arab Group, ‘Working Paper: Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon’, 19 November 2024, <a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf</a> </li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</a></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"97","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"BD","countryName":"Bangladesh"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Bangladesh has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration but attended the 2019 Vienna Conference on Protecting Civilians in Urban Warfare where it emphasised that a Political Declaration on explosive weapons should comprise practical measures and procedures.[1] </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Bangladesh attended the first international follow-up meeting on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Bangladesh has on several occasions spoken on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. During the February 2013 Security Council Debate on Children and Armed Conflict and the May 2017 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, Bangladesh delivered statements c<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">ondemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, particularly focusing on the devastating harm it causes to women and children</strong>.[2] During the General Debate of the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2018, Bangladesh <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">called for the adoption of a Political Declaration to address the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and its humanitarian consequences</strong>.[3] </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Alongside its individual statements, Bangladesh has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. At the January 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities, the Group of Friends of the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict (of which Bangladesh is a member) called on states to<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> enhance the protection of civilians, including from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and took note of the ongoing consultations to develop a Political Declaration</strong> on this subject.[4] The Group made similar remarks at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians[5], and noted the adoption of the Political Declaration at the 2023 open debate.[6] At the 2024 debate, the Group highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that “the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations.” To that end, the Political Declaration was identified as providing “practical tools that ensure that protection is real and effective.”[7]</span><span></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Bangladesh aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[8]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>In October 2018, Bangladesh was one of 50 states to endorse a joint statement on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impacts</strong> of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm[9], and the following year endorsed a similar statement to First Committee that encouraged states to participate in the creation of an international Political Declaration.[10]</span></p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW214730855 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW214730855 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW214730855 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW214730855 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW214730855 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘States commit to take political action on explosive weapons at Vienna conference’. Reaching Critical Will. 2019.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW214730855 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14061-states-commit-to-take-political-action-on-explosive-weapons-at-vienna-conference\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14061-states-commit-to-take-political-action-on-explosive-weapons-at-vienna-conference</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW214730855 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW214730855 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW214730855 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW214730855 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Boillot, L. 2013. ‘Explosive Weapons Raised as Key Issue in Security Council Debate on Protection of Civilians’. Article 36. 13 March 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW214730855 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/updates/explosive-weapons-raised-as-key-issue-in-security-council-debate-on-protection-of-civilians/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://article36.org/updates/explosive-weapons-raised-as-key-issue-in-security-council-debate-on-protection-of-civilians/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW214730855 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW214730855 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW214730855 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW214730855 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Statement–Thematic Discussion on ”Conventional Weapons”’. Permanent Mission of Bangladesh 29 October 2018.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW214730855 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_Bangladesh.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_Bangladesh.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW214730855 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW214730855 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW214730855 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW214730855 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW214730855 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW214730855 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW214730855 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW214730855 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW214730855 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW214730855 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW214730855 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW214730855 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW214730855 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW214730855 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW214730855 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW214730855 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW214730855 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW214730855 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW214730855 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW214730855 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW214730855 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW214730855 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW214730855 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW214730855 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW214730855 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘</span><span>Organisation</span><span> of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW214730855 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW214730855 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW214730855 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW214730855 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW214730855 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW214730855 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW214730855 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW214730855 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW214730855 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW214730855 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW214730855 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW214730855 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"98","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"BB","countryName":"Barbados"}}},"region":"Caribbean","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Barbados has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Along with 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, Barbados participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018. The meeting produced the Santiago Communiqué, in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue. This included: <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; act to<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> enhance compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law </strong>to ensure the protection of civilians and civilian objects; fully support the process that will lead to the negotiation and adoption of an international political declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas; encourage <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">collection of data</strong>; promote bilateral and regional cooperation through <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">sharing experiences, good practices and expertise</strong>; constructively engage in discussions and initiatives at the international level that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">strengthen cooperation and partnerships with international organisations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.[1]</span><span></span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\"><span>https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"99","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"BY","countryName":"Belarus"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Belarus has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span><span></span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"7","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"BE","countryName":"Belgium"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Belgium <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. Belgium regularly delivered statements throughout the consultations towards a Political Declaration, as well as raising concerns around explosive weapons in populated areas and expressing support for a Political Declaration in other multilateral forums.</p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span>Early in the consultation process, </span>Belgium emphasised that there <strong>should be a focus on promoting International Humanitarian Law (IHL) as a sufficient existing framework</strong>, a repeated theme throughout its interventions where it called for a focus on <strong>“indiscriminate use”</strong> of explosive weapons, and a balance <strong>between military necessity and humanitarian concerns.</strong>[1] In its November 2019 statement to the first consultations, Belgium called for the consideration of <strong>non-state actors</strong> within the Political Declaration and <strong>suggested that good management of munitions and prevention of arms diversion could be an important inclusion</strong> in this regard.[2] Belgium also specified that the Declaration should recognise the<strong> humanitarian impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, especially those with wide area effects</strong>, including the <strong>indirect, long-term, and reverberating effects.</strong>[3] Belgium, along with others, also <strong>supported the use of qualifiers</strong> within the Political Declaration, indicating that instead of saying that explosive weapons in populated areas use “is having” devastating impacts, the Declaration should say that it “can have” these impacts or that these impacts “can arise” from explosive weapons in populated areas use.[4] At subsequent consultations, Belgium reaffirmed many of these positions.[5] Belgium suggested to <strong>use the wording “avoid and in any event minimise</strong> civilian harm when conducting an attack, including by restricting or refraining from the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas” in paragraph 3.3.[6] At the final round of consultations in June 2022, Belgium welcomed the <strong>inclusion of language regarding victim assistance and humanitarian access</strong> in the operational part of the Declaration.[7]</p>\n<h2><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW173218764 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the first international follow-up conference on the implementation of the Declaration in April 2024, Belgium spoke during the session on military policy and practice. The focus of its statement was on its ‘rigorous application of international law’ and its ‘standard operational procedures’ for selecting targets, including collateral damage risk assessments and estimation.[8] </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW173218764 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Belgium has frequently spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, primarily to </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>condemn the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, highlighting the harm it causes to civilians</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, particularly children, and </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">call for avoiding this practice</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, as well as to emphasise the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">need for states to abide by IHL</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Belgium has delivered such statements during the UN Security Council open debate on children and armed conflict[9] and during the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians.[10] With the final text of the Declaration agreed, Belgium also took the opportunity to </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>welcome the successful completion of the Political Declaration</strong> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">at subsequent meetings of the UN Security Council and at the UN General Assembly First Committee.[11] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW173218764 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Alongside its individual statements, Belgium has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. As a member of the European Union (EU), Belgium has signed onto numerous joint statements </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects</strong>, as well as <strong>calling for greater IHL compliance</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the protection of civilians in armed conflict[12] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee,[13] as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on war in cities where the EU expressed concern over the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">,[14] and in 2024 when the EU stated it was ‘deeply concerned by the use and humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas, which has significant civilian impact and should thus be restricted or avoided’.[15] Belgium is also a member of the Group of Friends on the Protection of Civilians. At the 2024 UN Security Council debate on civilian protection, the Group highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that “the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations.”[16] To that end, the Political Declaration was identified as providing “practical tools that ensure that protection is real and effective.”[17] Belgium also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>.</strong>”[18] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW173218764 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Belgium also endorsed the Ireland-led joint statement during the 74th United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2019. The statement encouraged states </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> in populated areas on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration.[19]. As a member of the Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, Belgium has supported statements at the UN Security Council stressing the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">importance of</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong> respecting IHL and the need to enhance the protection of civilians</strong>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">[20] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224748913 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2020. Reaching Critical Will. ‘Impacts, Not Intentionality: The Imperative of Focusing on the Effects of Explosive Weapons in a Political Declaration’. 14 February 2020. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-Political-Declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224748913 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Protecting Civilians in Urban Warfare – explosive weapons in populated areas– Consultations </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">informelles</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">– Intervention de la Belgique.’ Reaching Critical Will. 18 November 2019. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/18Nov_Belgium.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/Declaration/statements/18Nov_Belgium.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224748913 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Reaching Critical Will (2019). ‘Towards a Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: States Need to Ensure that Expressed Commitments Translate Into Real Impacts on the Ground.’ Reaching Critical Will. 2019. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-Political-Declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224748913 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Foreign Ministry. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224748913 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ray Acheson, Reaching Critical Will (2021). ‘Report on the March 2021 Consultations on a Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-Political-Declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559685":1080,"335559740":240,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224748913 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"></span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">;</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559685":1080,"335559740":240,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224748913 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"></span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Consultations – Afternoon’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nO5frX2hnM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nO5frX2hnM</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559685":1080,"335559740":240,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224748913 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">First international follow-up conference to the adoption of the Political Declaration on EWIPA: Statement of Belgium (session 1 – military policies and practices). 23 April 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Belgium_Session_1_f3cfe4c9f3.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Belgium_Session_1_f3cfe4c9f3.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559685":1080,"335559740":240,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224748913 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.6790. 25 June 2012. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6790(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6790(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7466. 18 June 2015. Available from:</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7466\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7466</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7753. 2 August 2016. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7753\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7753</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559685":1080,"335559740":240,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224748913 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7711. 10 June 2016. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7711</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8534. 23 May 2019. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; United Nations Security Council, S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1), 21 May 2024. P.18-19, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559685":1080,"335559740":240,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224748913 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘BELGIUM: Statement at the Adoption of the Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences arising from the use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. 18 November 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Belgium.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Belgium.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559685":1080,"335559740":240,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224748913 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559685":1080,"335559740":240,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224748913 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559685":1080,"335559740":240,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224748913 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559685":1080,"335559740":240,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224748913 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559685":1080,"335559740":240,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224748913 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1) 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559685":1080,"335559740":240,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"17\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224748913 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559685":1080,"335559740":240,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"18\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224748913 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity Archives. ‘Belgium’. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/127.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/127.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559685":1080,"335559740":240,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"19\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"19\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224748913 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559685":1080,"335559740":240,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW224748913 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"20\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224748913 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"20\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224748913 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; Group of Friends (2022). ‘UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW224748913 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"100","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"BZ","countryName":"Belize"}}},"region":"Latin_America","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Belize has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Along with 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, Belize participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018. The meeting produced the Santiago Communiqué, in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue. This included: <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; act to<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> enhance compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law </strong>to ensure the protection of civilians and civilian objects; fully support the process that will lead to the negotiation and adoption of an international political declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas; encourage <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">collection of data</strong>; promote bilateral and regional cooperation through <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">sharing experiences, good practices and expertise</strong>; constructively engage in discussions and initiatives at the international level that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">strengthen cooperation and partnerships with international organisations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.[1]</span><span></span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\"><span>https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"101","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"BJ","countryName":"Benin"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Benin has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Benin delivered a statement during the February 2013 UN Security Council Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in which it called for the Security Council to address use of explosive weapons in conflict, specifically emphasising its <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">disproportionate effect on civilian populations</strong>.[1]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Benin aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[2] </span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.6917. 12 February 2013. </span><a style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917(Resumption1).</a></li>\n</ol>\n<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"2\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>. </span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"102","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"BT","countryName":"Bhutan"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Bhutan has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span><span></span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"103","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"BO","countryName":"Bolivia"}}},"region":"Latin_America","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Bolivia has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. Though It has been active on the issue of landmines and explosive remnants of war, it has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"8","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"BA","countryName":"Bosnia and Herzegovina"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Bosnia and Herzegovina<span> was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW206393015 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Bosina</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> and Herzegovina attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. The country spoke about <strong>its experience with the effects of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and expressed concern about ongoing use in Ukraine and Gaza. Bosnia and Herzegovina <strong>underlined the importance of concrete action</strong>, stating that good intentions alone were not enough.[1]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW206393015 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Bosnia and Herzegovina aligned with several statements delivered by the European Union (EU) on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas, the latest one being the statement delivered during the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict in 2024, when the EU stated it was ‘deeply concerned by the use and humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas, which has significant civilian impact and should thus be restricted or avoided’.[2] At Genera</span><span>l Assembly First Committee in 2023, the <strong>EU </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">w</span><span data-contrast=\"none\">elcomed the Political Declaration and highlighted the importance of its adoption</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. The EU also highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments, including at the 2024 Oslo Conference.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>[3] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW206393015 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW206393015 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In October 2018, Bosnia and Herzegovina was one of 50 states to endorse the joint statement on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>.</strong>[4] Bosnia and Herzegovina also endorsed the Ireland-led joint statement during the 74th United Nations General Assembly’s First Committee in 2019.[5] The statement encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians, including by </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong> on this issue.</strong>[6]</span></span></p>\n</div>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW150686353 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW150686353 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW150686353 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW150686353 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Reaching Critical Will: notes from the first international conference on implementation of the Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences Arising from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in Oslo, Norway. April 2024.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW150686353 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW150686353 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW150686353 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW150686353 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW150686353 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW150686353 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW150686353 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW150686353 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW150686353 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘European Union Statement on Conventional Weapons: First Committee of the 78th Session of the United Nations General Assembly’. Reaching Critical Will. October 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW150686353 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW150686353 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW150686353 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW150686353 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW150686353 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW150686353 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW150686353 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW150686353 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW150686353 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW150686353 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW150686353 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW150686353 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW150686353 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW150686353 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW150686353 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"104","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"BW","countryName":"Botswana"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Botswana has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>In 2017, Botswana endorsed the communiqué arising from the Maputo Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas.[1] The Maputo Communiqué discussed the harms of explosive weapons in populated areas, the role of African states in working against it, and the need to create a Political Declaration on the matter. The 19 African states present agreed to work independently and cooperatively to, <em style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">inter alia</em>: a<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">void the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; encourage <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">collection of data and information</strong>; fully <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">support the process towards adoption of an international Political Declaration</strong>; promote <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">bilateral and regional cooperation through sharing experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm</strong> caused by explosive weapons to civilians; constructively <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engage in discussions and initiatives at international level</strong> that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; foster deeper and further <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engagement from African States</strong>; and strengthen <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Botswana also delivered a statement during the General Debate of the 73rd UN General Assembly First Committee in 2018. The statement drew attention to the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">indiscriminate and long-lasting harm of explosive weapons in populated areas use to civilians and critical infrastructure</strong> and reaffirmed the commitments within the Maputo Communiqué.[2]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Communiqué from Maputo Regional Conference on the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 28 November 2017. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>“UNGA73 First Committee Statement.” Permanent Mission of Botswana to the United Nations. 29 October 2018. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_Botswana.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_Botswana.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"9","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"BR","countryName":"Brazil"}}},"region":"Latin_America","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Brazil </span><span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span> In the first informal consultations on the declaration in November 2019, Brazil delivered a joint statement with seven other Latin American and Caribbean states.<span> </span>In this statement, states delineated key elements of a Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas including: acknowledgement of the likely <strong>humanitarian consequences</strong> of the use of explosive weapons of wide area effects in populated areas; a <strong>commitment to avoid use </strong>of such weapons in populated areas and to <strong>develop military operational policies and procedures</strong> in this regard and<strong> identify, develop and exchange best practices</strong>; promote greater <strong>compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law</strong>; commit states to <strong>enable secure and sustainable humanitarian access</strong>; recognize the <strong>rights of victims and affected communities</strong>; encourage collection of <strong>disaggregated data</strong>; strengthen <strong>cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organizations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.[1] During the signing ceremony in Dublin in November 2022, Brazil expressed support for the political declaration and its commitments and stressed the <strong>importance of documenting civilian harm </strong>including as a means to assess whether the predicted casualties of military operations correspond to the damage actually caused.[2]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW137082991 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Brazil has spoken on EWIPA in several multilateral forums. Brazil attended and spoke at the first international implementation conference on the Political Declaration in Norway in April 2024</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. In its statement, Brazil expressed <strong>c</strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">oncern for the immense toll of civilian death and suffering from explosive weapons</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>, oftentimes in violation of international humanitarian law. It singled out Gaza, and the international community’s failure to prevent and stop the armed conflict, as the death toll, increasing children, and displacement is increasing. Brazil </span><span>emphasised</span><span> that all states shared the responsibility to ensure respect for international humanitarian law is binding at all times, and said it played</span><span> an active role herein, including at the UN Security Council, and shared that its national commission for dissemination of international humanitarian law will help moving forward in developing relevant policies and national plans.[3]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW137082991 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>At the January 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities, Brazil noted the Political Declaration and said that it should </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">establish common standards, promote policies to minimise risk of civilian harm, and facilitate exchange of good practice</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. It argued the declaration provides a good opportunity to </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">promote compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL) and recognise the rights of victims and affected communities</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>.[4] At the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>UN Security Council Open Debate on </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in May 2023, Brazil spoke about “the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in urban and other densely populated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>”[5] and during the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, Brazil also condemned “the series of bombings and ground attacks carried out in Israel from the Gaza Strip.”[6] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW137082991 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Alongside its individual statements, Brazil has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>With 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, Brazil participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018, resulting in the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Santiago Communiqué</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue.[7] </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In 2018 and 2019, Brazil joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling atten</span><span>tion to the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[8] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW137082991 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>As a member of the Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, Brazil has supported statements at the UN Security Council stressing the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">importance of</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong> respecting IHL and the need to enhance the protection of civilians</strong>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>[9] At the 2024 debate, the Group highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that “the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations.” To that end, the Political Declaration was identified as providing “practical tools that ensure that protection is real and effective.”[10] Brazil also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Up</span><span>hold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’, including a commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.”[11] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW96876785 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW96876785 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW96876785 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Latin American and Caribbean states joint statement: First informal consultations’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 18 November 2019.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW96876785 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Joint-Statement-of-LATAM-and-Caribbean-States-Written-Submission---18-November-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Joint-Statement-of-LATAM-and-Caribbean-States-Written-Submission—18-November-2019.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW96876785 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Joint-Statement-of-LATAM-and-Caribbean-States-Written-Submission---18-November-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>f</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW96876785 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW96876785 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> ‘Watch back. Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Afternoon Session’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW96876785 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW96876785 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW96876785 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Reaching Critical Will: notes from the first international conference on implementation of the Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences Arising from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in Oslo, Norway. April 2024.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW96876785 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW96876785 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW96876785 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW96876785 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW96876785 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW96876785 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW96876785 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW96876785 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>‘Statement by Brazil at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 78th General Assembly’. Reaching Critical Will. 10 October 2023.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW96876785 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/10Oct_Brazil.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/10Oct_Brazil.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW96876785 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW96876785 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW96876785 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chil</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW96876785 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>e</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW96876785 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW96876785 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW96876785 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW96876785 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW96876785 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>f</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW96876785 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW96876785 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW96876785 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9131. 15 September 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW96876785 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9133\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9133</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW96876785 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW96876785 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1) 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW96876785 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW96876785 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW96876785 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW96876785 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Agenda for Humanity Archives. ‘Brazil’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW96876785 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/128.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/128.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"105","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"BN","countryName":"Brunei Darussalam"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: right; line-height: 115%;\" align=\"right\"><span> </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Brunei Darussalam has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Brunei Darussalam aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[1]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"10","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"BG","countryName":"Bulgaria"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Bulgaria <span>was actively involved in the later stages of the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. At the final round of consultations in June 2022, Bulgaria welcomed the draft as being a good compromise that <strong>allows states to apply the highest possible standards when implementing International Humanitarian Law (IHL)</strong>. It noted, however, that some questions still remain, such as <strong>how to bring in practical terms all parties to an armed conflict into the pattern of implementation of and complying with IHL norms and commitments.</strong>[1]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">During the signing ceremony in Dublin in November 2022, Bulgaria acknowledged the merit of the declaration in addressing the <strong>humanitarian consequences from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and in strengthening the protection of civilians</strong>. It said that it agreed with others that <strong>“introducing inappropriate and impracticable restrictions on lawful use of military capabilities would not address the core challenge and would leave excessive room for the non-IHL compliant actors to continue their abuse.”</strong> Bulgaria encouraged cooperation among states and among their armed forces with respect to the <strong>identification, development, and exchange of good practices</strong>.[2] At the UN Security Council Open Debate on Children and Armed Conflict on 5 July 2023, Bulgaria urged parties to <strong>refrain from using explosive weapons in populated areas and to endorse the Political Declaration</strong>. 3]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125274527 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Alongside its individual statements, Bulgaria has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. At the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, Bulgaria expressed </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">concern for civilian harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. It also </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">emphasised the indirect impact of the destruction of critical infrastructure</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, stating that it “deprives people of energy, safe water, prevents the distribution of food and services and causes environmental degradation and pollution.”[4] In April 2024, Bulgaria attended the first international implementation conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway, but did not speak. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125274527 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In October 2018, Bulgaria was one of 50 states to endorse a joint statement on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impacts</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong> of the use of explosive weapons</strong> in populated areas and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm,[5] and the following year endorsed a similar statement to First Committee that </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">encouraged states to participate in the creation of an international Political Declaration</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.[6] At the same meeting in 2024, Bulgaria also highlighted the Political Declaration and its commitment to build on its momentum.[7]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125274527 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125274527 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>As a member of the European Union (EU), Bulgaria has signed onto numerous joint statements </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects</strong>, as well as <strong>calling for greater IHL compliance</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the protection of civilians in armed conflict,[8] including in 2024 when it expressed deep concern about the use and humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas ‘which has significant civilian impact and should thus be restricted and avoided’,[9] and at the Gen</span><span>eral Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee,[10] as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on war in cities where the EU expressed concern over the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.[11] The EU, with Bulgaria signing on, has also </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated area</strong>s</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it</span><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the declaration’s commitments)</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians. Bulgaria also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.”[12]</span></span></p>\n</div>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW118310256 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW118310256 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW118310256 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Consultations – Afternoon’. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW118310256 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nO5frX2hnM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nO5frX2hnM</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW118310256 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW118310256 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> ‘Watch back. Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Afternoon Session’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW118310256 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW118310256 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW118310256 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9366. 5 July 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW118310256 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9366(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9366(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW118310256 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW118310256 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">UN Security Council. 21 May 2024. S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). P.10-11. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW118310256 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW118310256 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW118310256 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW118310256 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW118310256 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW118310256 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW118310256 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW118310256 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW118310256 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW118310256 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Statement </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">by H.E.</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> Ms. </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Lachezara</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Stoeva</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Bulgaria to the United Nations 79TH Session of the UN General Assembly, First Committee General Debate, 10 October 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW118310256 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/10Oct_Bulgaria.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/10Oct_Bulgaria.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW118310256 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW118310256 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW118310256 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW118310256 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW118310256 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW118310256 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement - UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians’, 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW118310256 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW118310256 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW118310256 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement - UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians’, 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW118310256 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW118310256 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW118310256 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW118310256 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW118310256 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW118310256 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW118310256 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW118310256 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW118310256 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW118310256 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity Archives. ‘Bulgaria’. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW118310256 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/367.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/367.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"106","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"BF","countryName":"Burkina Faso"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Burkina Faso has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Burkina Faso endorsed the Ireland-led joint statement during the 74th United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2019[1] The statement recognised the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">devastating humanitarian effects of the use explosive weapons in populated areas and encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration</strong> on this issue.[2] Burkina Faso also drew attention to the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">threat which explosive weapons in populated areas pose to civilians during </strong>statements to the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2019 and 2020, pointing to Burkina Faso’s experiences with improvised explosive devices used by terrorist groups.[3]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, of which Burkina Faso is a member state, aligned itself with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to “Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity” in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[4]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘UNGA74 Declaration du Burkina Faso’. Permanent Mission of Burkina Faso to the United Nations. 25 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/25Oct_BurkinaFaso.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/25Oct_BurkinaFaso.pdf</span></a><span>; </span><span>‘UNGA75 Declaration du Burkina Faso’. Permanent Mission of Burkina Faso to the United Nations. 19 October 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com20/statements/19Oct_BurkinaFaso.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com20/statements/19Oct_BurkinaFaso.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"107","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"BI","countryName":"Burundi"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Burundi has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"11","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"CV","countryName":"Cabo Verde"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Cabo Verde was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span><span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Cabo Verde attended the first international implementation conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"p6\">At the signing ceremony, Cabo Verde committed to the<strong> full and effective implementation</strong> of the Political Declaration through the adoption of concrete and long-lasting measures and strategies to limit the devastating consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas. It said that in particular in Africa, it is imperative that all countries become more involved in the adoption of concrete policies and effective strategies to systematically eliminate the use of explosive weapons through regional policies and international cooperation. Recognizing the<strong> indirect and long-term effects</strong> of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, Cabo Verde highlighted that they undermine not only the achievement of <strong>sustainable development goals, but all development efforts and prospects</strong>, as they contribute to the fragility and generalize insecurity of states. It called for the renunciation of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas in order to alleviate the suffering of hundreds of millions of victims around the world.[1]</p>","references":"<ol>\n<li>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Morning Session.’ <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo</span></a>.</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"12","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"KH","countryName":"Cambodia"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Cambodia was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span><span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">At the signing ceremony, Cambodia shared the challenges posed by landmines and <strong>explosive remnants of war</strong> in its territory, and thanked Ireland and other stakeholders for the support in demining activities.[1]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100685392 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Cambodia <strong>attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo</strong>, Norway, April 2024, and spoke during the session on ‘Assisting Conflict-Affected Communities’. In its statement, <strong>Cambodia </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">emphasised the widespread use of explosive weapons in populated areas in conflicts across the world has killed thousands of civilians</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. Furthermore, it </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">underlined the damage and destruction of civilian infrastructure</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, such as water and electricity supplies, housing, and other essential service networks, as well as </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>environmental harm</strong>, all of which <strong>“triggers domino effects that exacerbate suffering”</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>. </strong>Cambodia </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">recalled the UN Secretary General’s appeal for “parties to conflict to refrain from the use of explosive weapons with wide-area effects in populated areas</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, owing to the widespread and predictable harm that results from such use.”[2]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100685392 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Cambodia has <strong>shared the challenges posed by landmines and </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">explosive remnants of war</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong> in its territory </strong>on numerous occasions, including at the first international follow-up conference in Norway, and at the signing ceremony for the Political Declaration in Ireland in 2019. At the Oslo Conference, Cambodia stressed that the rise in conflicts and the explosive remnants of war necessitates unwavering commitment to strengthening international humanitarian law, human rights and human security, and drew attention to its hosting of the Fifth Review Conference of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Antipersonnel Mines and on Their Destruction. In Dublin, </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Cambodia thanked</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> the host, Ireland, and other stakeholders for the support in demining activities.[3] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>","references":"<ol>\n<li><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs.</span> ‘Watch back. Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Afternoon Session’. Available from: <span><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4</a></span><span>.</span></li>\n<li><span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Statement by Mr. Hoy Sopheap, Deputy Director General Department of International Cooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Kingdom of Cambodia at the First International Follow-Up Conference to the Adoption of the Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences Arising from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (EWIPA). 23 April 2024. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><a href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Cambodia_Session_3_f332609ed3.pdf\">https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Cambodia_Session_3_f332609ed3.pdf</a></span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span></span></li>\n<li><span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs.</span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> ‘Watch back. Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Afternoon Session’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW116681449 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4</span></span></a><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"108","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"CM","countryName":"Cameroon"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Cameroon has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>In 2017, Cameroon endorsed the communiqué arising from the Maputo Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas[1]. The Maputo Communiqué discussed the harms of explosive weapons in populated areas, the role of African states in working against it, and the need to create a Political Declaration on the matter. The 19 African states present agreed to work independently and cooperatively to, <em style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">inter alia</em>: a<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">void the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; encourage <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">collection of data and information</strong>; fully <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">support the process towards adoption of an international Political Declaration</strong>; promote <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">bilateral and regional cooperation through sharing experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm</strong> caused by explosive weapons to civilians; constructively <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engage in discussions and initiatives at international level</strong> that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; foster deeper and further <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engagement from African States</strong>; and strengthen <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Cameroon aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[2]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Communiqué from Maputo Regional Conference on the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 28 November 2017. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>. </span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"13","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"CA","countryName":"Canada"}}},"region":"Northern_America","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Canada <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. Canada regularly delivered statements throughout the consultations towards a Political Declaration, as well as raising concerns around explosive weapons in populated areas and expressing support for a Political Declaration in other multilateral forums. Early in the consultation process, Canada emphasised that there should be a <strong>focus on promoting International Humanitarian Law (IHL) as a sufficient existing framework to effectively regulate the use of explosive weapons in populated areas,</strong>[1] and suggested a <strong>focus on the harms caused by the indiscriminate use</strong> of such weapons.[2] Canada also emphasised <strong>engagement with local communities</strong> and called for a “population-centric approach” that <strong>takes into account diverse needs, including those from women, girls, people with disabilities, and LGBTQI+ persons</strong>.[3] </p>\n<p class=\"p4\">These were repeated themes throughout Canada’s statements to the negotiations where, in order to avoid any stigmatisation of explosive weapons in general, also supported the <strong>addition of qualifiers</strong> throughout the text to indicate that harm “can” potentially arise from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.[4] Canada also proposed weakening the core commitment (paragraph 3.3) of the declaration by emphasising that it<strong> should not go beyond the obligations of IHL,</strong>[5] a belief it repeated throughout the negotiations. As the consultations progressed, Canada welcomed the recognition of the<strong> differentiated gendered impacts of armed conflict</strong> and suggested the inclusion of the word “feasible” referring to efforts in providing assistance to people affected by conflict[6] but expressed <strong>opposition to the term “reverberating effects”.</strong> At the final round of consultations in June 2022, Canada welcomed the final version of the draft Declaration, including the commitments to <strong>implementing national policy and practice </strong>aimed at protecting civilians, adopting policies for armed forces that reflect IHL, and recognising the <strong>importance of taking all practicable measures to record and track civilian casualties</strong> with a view to informing future practice.[7] This was reflected in their statement at the signing ceremony in Dublin in 2022, where Canada also underlined the need to foster a<strong> holistic and gender-sensitive approach to victim assistance and ensure accountability for violations</strong>.[8]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and priorities</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\">Canada has frequently spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, primarily to <strong>draw attention to the devastating humanitarian impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians, particularly on children, humanitarian workers, and medical personnel</strong>. This includes at the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict in 2014[9] and at the General Debate of the 72nd UN General Assembly First Committee in 2017. <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>During the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2024, Canada reflected on ongoing conflicts and drew attention to the Pol</span><span>itical Declaration and encouraged states to endorse “this important set of commitments that help protect civilians.”[10]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">Canada attended and spoke at the first international conference on the Political Declaration</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. During the session on Understanding Direct and Indirect Effects of explosive weapons, Canada expressed </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>concerns about the harm caused by “a marked proliferation of indiscriminate and even targeted attacks on civilians and civilian objects</strong>”</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> in ongoing conflicts. It stated that “</span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">in the planning and execution of operations, parties to armed conflict should take into account less immediate effects that are reasonably foreseeable in the circumstances</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, as these are frequently the o</span><span>nes that cause the most significant harm to civilians and civilian objects.” Drawing on the Declaration, </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">Canada said that states should take “measures through their policies and in the planning and execution of attacks to protect civilians over the long term</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>,</strong> by protecting the systems of critical infrastructure that surround them.” It also noted that </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">disaggregated data collection</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, including through battle damage assessments, </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">must be employed to provide a better understanding of harm and to inform future operations</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, and expressed its support for sharing and improving coordination on data.[11]</span></span> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Alongside its individual statements, Canada has several times aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. At the 2024 UN Security council open debate on the protection of civilians in Conflict, the Group of Friends on the Protection of Civilians, of which Canada is a member, highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that “the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">effective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>.</strong>”[12] To that end, the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">Political Declaration was identified as providing “practical tools that ensure that protection is real and effective</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>.</strong>”[13] The Group made similar remarks at the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians on 25 May 2022.[14] At the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in May 2023, t</span><span>he Group noted the adoption of the Political Declaration.[15] At the January 2022 UN Security Council open debate on war in cities, the Group of Friends of the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict called on states to enhance the protection of civilians, including from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and took note of the ongoing consultations to develop a Political Declaration on this subject.[16] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Implementation of the Political Declaration</strong></span></h2>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW30795330 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW30795330 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In February 2024, INEW and EWM conducted a state survey into endorser states' national efforts to disseminate and implement the Political Declaration. Canada reported that it had </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">disseminated the Political Declaration</span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> </span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>to Global Affairs Canada, the Department of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces</strong>, </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>as well the inter-ministerial Canadian National Committee on Humanitarian Law. Canada stated that it <strong>has</strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"> nominated a point person responsible for the implementation of the Declaration</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> in Global Affairs Canada, specifically a Director for Humanitarian Policy.[17]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n</div>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW30795330 BCX0\"><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">Canada stated that it has carried out trainings on the domestic implementation of the Political Declaration</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> at the inter-ministerial Canadian National Committee on Humanitarian Law. In addition, it reported having engaged in meetings with civil society organisations working on aspects of the Declaration and the ICRC regarding implementation. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><strong>To implement its commitments under the Political Declaration Canada said its Armed Forces would continue “its</strong><span><strong> good IHL practices, review and consider updates to doctrine and training, and will include appropriate direction operational orders</strong>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>” In addition to providing IHL tr</span><span>aining for all members of its armed forces, Theatre Mission Specific Training provides personnel with special mission requirements and Collateral Damage Assessment training to those requiring this to complete their duties in a lawful manner.[18]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW30795330 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Upon a question about challenges to the implementation of the Declaration, Canada emphasised its </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">strong support for victim assistance</span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> and stated that it </span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>would appreciate guidance from other endorsing states and civil society regarding the purview of provision 4.5</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, including the kinds of victim assistance envisaged.[19]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW30795330 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>To view all of Canada’s responses to the INEW and EWM state survey, and other states’ responses, see the </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW30795330 BCX0\" href=\"https://explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/reports/1/explosive-weapons-monitor-2023/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">Explosive Weapons Monitor 2023</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, Chapter III on Universalisation and Implementation of the Political Declaration.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335557856":16777215,"335559738":0,"335559739":280,"335559740":276}\"> </span></p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Canada’s Intervention: Towards a Political Declaration to Address the Humanitarian Harm Arising from the use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. </span><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 18 November 2019. Available from: </span><span> </span><a href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Canada-Written-Submission---18-November-2019.pdf\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Canada-Written-Submission—18-November-2019.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Canada’s Written Submission to the Consultation Process’. </span><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 17 March 2020. Available from:</span><span> </span><a href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Canada-Written-Submission---17-March-2020.pdf\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Canada-Written-Submission—17-March-2020.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Canada’s Written Submission to the Consultation Process’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 3-5 Mrch 2021. Available from: </span><a href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions3-5march/Canada---Written-Submission-to-the-EWIPA-Political-Declaration-Consultation-Process,-3-5-March-2021.pdf\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions3-5march/Canada—Written-Submission-to-the-EWIPA-Political-Declaration-Consultation-Process,-3-5-March-2021.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. Available from: </span><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></a><span>; ‘Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 2’. </span><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pK6v1iIZG8A\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pK6v1iIZG8A</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Consultations – Afternoon’. Available from: </span><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nO5frX2hnM\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nO5frX2hnM</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Canadian National Statement: Political declaration on protecting civilians from the effects of armed conflict in populated areas’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 2022. Available from: </span><a href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Canada.pdf\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Canada.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014. Available from: </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8953. 25 January 2022. Available from: </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8953\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8953.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. Available from: </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042(Resumption1)\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042(Resumption1).</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. Available from: </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1).</span></a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"14","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"CF","countryName":"Central African Republic"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p3\">The Central African Republic <span>was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</p>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p3\">In 2017, the Central African Republic endorsed the communiqué arising from the Maputo Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas[1]. The Maputo Communiqué discussed the harms of explosive weapons in populated areas, the role of African states in working against it, and the need to create a Political Declaration on the matter. The 19 African states present agreed to work independently and cooperatively to, <em>inter alia</em>: a<strong>void the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; encourage <strong>collection of data and information</strong>; fully <strong>support the process towards adoption of an international Political Declaration</strong>; promote <strong>bilateral and regional cooperation through sharing experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm</strong> caused by explosive weapons to civilians; constructively <strong>engage in discussions and initiatives at international level</strong> that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; foster deeper and further <strong>engagement from African States</strong>; and strengthen <strong>cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.</p>\n<p class=\"p3\">In October 2018, the Central African Republic was one of 50 states to endorse the Ireland-led joint statement on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly’s First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact</strong> of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[2] The Central African Republic also endorsed the Ireland-led joint statement during the United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2019.[3]The statement encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration on this issue.[4]</p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Communiqué from Maputo Regional Conference on the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 28 November 2017. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. .</span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/.</a></span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span></span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. <a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</a>.</p>\n</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"109","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"TD","countryName":"Chad"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Chad has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (explosive weapons in populated areas). It did, however, participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. In 2020, Chad spoke at the consultations for a political declaration, commenting on a draft of key elements for the declaration prepared by Ireland. Chad’s statement drew attention to the<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> importance of considering non-state actors in the political declaration</strong>, especially given African experiences with proliferating terrorist groups.[1]</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Chad aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[2]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘Declaration du Tschad a l’occasion des consultations EWIPA’. Permanent Mission of Chad to the United Nations. 10 February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/10Feb_Chad.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/10Feb_Chad.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>. </span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"15","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"CL","countryName":"Chile"}}},"region":"Latin_America","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Chile </span><span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">In the first informal consultations on the Declaration in November 2019, Chile delivered a joint statement with seven other Latin American and Caribbean states. In this statement, states delineated key elements of a Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas including: acknowledgement of the likely <strong>humanitarian consequences</strong> of the use of explosive weapons of wide area effects in populated areas; a <strong>commitment to avoid use </strong>of such weapons in populated areas and to <strong>develop military operational policies and procedures</strong> in this regard and<strong> identify, develop and exchange best practices</strong>; promote greater <strong>compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law</strong>; commit states to <strong>enable secure and sustainable humanitarian access</strong>; recognize the <strong>rights of victims and affected communities</strong>; encourage collection of <strong>disaggregated data</strong>; strengthen <strong>cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organizations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.[1]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">During the consultations, Chile supported the notion that <strong>a Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas use should address indirect, long-term, and reverberating effects</strong> of explosive weapons in populated areas, such as displacement, disruption of essential services, increased poverty, destruction of the environment, contamination through explosive remnants of war, psychological trauma, disabilities, and similar issues. Chile asserted that the Declaration should <strong>commit states to avoid using explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>, not seek to establish a prohibition of the use of a specific weapon but instead establish a threshold of their use to reduce damage to civilians. Chile called for the Declaration to <strong>recognise the rights of victims and affected communities and to provide adequate and non-discriminatory victim assistance</strong>. Chile also called for the <strong>consideration of non-state actors</strong> in the Political Declaration.[2]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Chile delivered several joint statements with Mexico throughout the consultation process in which it reaffirmed many of these positions[3] and called for the Political Declaration to include clear delineations of existing obligations under international humanitarian law (IHL) in order to promote adherence to them regarding explosive weapons in populated areas use.[4] It asserted that the Political Declaration should <strong>strengthen compliance with IHL through the creation of new policy commitments</strong>.[5] These joint statements also emphasised the<strong> importance of clarity regarding the harm caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, opposing the suggestions of other states to include qualifiers</strong>[6], and spoke in favour of <strong>inclusive international cooperation</strong> and called for <strong>a transparent implementation and follow-up process to monitor progress</strong> on the commitments within the Political Declaration.[7] At the fourth round of consultations, Chile and Mexico’s joint comments on the draft welcomed the removal of the caveated language throughout the text, as well as the <strong>clear acknowledgement of the multifaceted nature of the effects caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> on the civilian population. They also welcomed a proposal to include an additional paragraph that clarifies the application of international human rights law during armed conflict.</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">At the final consultation in June 2022, Chile and Mexico welcomed the final version of the draft, and said that although paragraph 3.3 does not reflect the language that they would have preferred (a commitment to “avoid” the use of explosive weapons in populated areas), it does establish a concrete political commitment that goes beyond the mere implementation of IHL. They said that the paragraph <strong>should be implemented as a clear-cut commitment to avoid the use of explosive weapons of wide area effects in populated areas</strong>.[8]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p6\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p7\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Chile attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Norway in April 2024. In its statement, Chile emphasised the widespread, direct, indirect and long-term harms caused by explosive weapons, referencing civilian casualties, including to people’s long-term physical and psychological health, as well as damage and destruction to infrastructure such as food, water and sanitation and power systems. Chile also drew specific attention to the Declaration’s commitments on impl</span><span>ementing policies and practices that restrict and refrain from the use of explosive weapons, and to provide adequate, timely and non-discriminatory assistance to victims.[9]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p7\">Chile has several times aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. <span>In 2018, Chile hosted the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018, attended by 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states and resulting in the <strong>Santiago Communiqué</strong> in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue</span>[10]. Chile reaffirmed its commitment to the Santiago Communique in a statement during the May 2019 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict[11], and at the UN Security Council Open Debate War in Cities: Protection of Civilians in Urban Settings on 25 January 2022, Chile <strong>called on all parties to conflict to avoid the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.[12] In 2018 and 2019, Chile joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm [13].</p>\n<p class=\"p6\">Chile has condemned the use of explosive weapons in populated areas as a member of the Human Security Network at both the August 2013 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict[14] and the 2014 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict.[15] In these statements, the Human Security Network called for all parties to an armed conflict to r<strong>efrain from using explosive weapons with a wide impact area in populated areas, emphasising that these weapons are indiscriminate within their zones of detonation and therefore pose unacceptable risks to civilians</strong>.</p>\n<p class=\"p6\">Chile aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to <strong>prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[16]</p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW228446702 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW228446702 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"13\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW228446702 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Latin American and Caribbean states: Joint Statement to the First Informal Consultations’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 18 November 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW228446702 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Joint-Statement-of-LATAM-and-Caribbean-States-Written-Submission---18-November-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/explosive weapons in populatedareas/Joint-Statement-of-LATAM-and-Caribbean-States-Written-Submission—18-November-2019.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">f </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW228446702 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW228446702 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Towards a Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: States Need to Ensure that Expressed Commitments Translate into Real Impacts on the Ground’. Reaching Critical Will. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW228446702 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-wepons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW228446702 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW228446702 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Permanent Missions of Chile and Mexico to the United Nations: Working Paper on EWIPA–Key Elements for a Political Declaration’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 10 February 2020. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW228446702 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Chile-and-Mexico-Written-Paper-Submission---10-February-2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Chile-and-Mexico-Written-Paper-Submission—10-February-2020.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW228446702 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW228446702 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">’Permanent Missions of Chile and Mexico to the United Nations: Comments on the Draft Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">From</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> Humanitarian Harm Arising from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 17 March 2020. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW228446702 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Chile-Mexico-Written-Submission---17-March-2020-.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Chile-Mexico-Written-Submission—17-March-2020-.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW228446702 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Chile-Mexico-Written-Submission---17-March-2020-.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">f</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW228446702 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW228446702 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW228446702 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW228446702 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW228446702 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW228446702 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Towards a Political Declaration to Address the Humanitarian Harm Arising from the Use of EWIPA–Virtual Informal Consultation Process: Written Comments by Chile and Mexico’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 3-5 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW228446702 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions3-5march/Mx-Chile-Written-comments-on-EWIPA-v.-submission.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions3-5march/Mx-Chile-Written-comments-on-EWIPA-v.-submission.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW228446702 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW228446702 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">areas’</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW228446702 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. ‘Consultation Process 6-8 April 2022: Comments by Chile and Mexico’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 6-8 April 2022. Available from:</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW228446702 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.gov.ie/pdf/?file=https://assets.gov.ie/258825/1f9dc2be-a288-4513-affe-a9b58d696e1a.pdf#page=null\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.gov.ie/pdf/?file=https://assets.gov.ie/258825/1f9dc2be-a288-4513-affe-a9b58d696e1a.pdf#page=null</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW228446702 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW228446702 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Consultations – Morning’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW228446702 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6kJVfHdXSc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6kJVfHdXSc</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW228446702 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW228446702 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Intervención</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> de la </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Delegación</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> de la República de Chile </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">en</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> la Primera </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Conferencia</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> de </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Seguimiento</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> de </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Declaración</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> Política </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">sobre</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">el</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Fortalecimiento</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> de la </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Protección</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> de </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Civiles</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> de las </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Consecuencias</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Humanitarias</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> que </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Surgen</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> del </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Uso</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> de Armas </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Explosivas</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">en</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Áreas</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Pobladas</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> (EWIPA) April 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW228446702 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Chile_Session_1_071599d97a.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Chile_Session_1_071599d97a.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW228446702 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW228446702 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW228446702 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW228446702 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW228446702 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8534. 23 May 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW228446702 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW228446702 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW228446702 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW228446702 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW228446702 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW228446702 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW228446702 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW228446702 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW228446702 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW228446702 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW228446702 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7019. 19 August 2013. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW228446702 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW228446702 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW228446702 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW228446702 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW228446702 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW228446702 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW228446702 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity Archives. ‘Chile’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW228446702 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/139.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/139.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"110","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"CN","countryName":"China"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>China has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (explosive weapons in populated areas). </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>It did, however, participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. At the March 2021 consultations, China advocated for the document to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">directly reference the UN Charter in its principles</strong>. It also suggested adding a paragraph that reads as follows: “We recall that every state has the duty, in conformity with the UN Charter, to refrain in its international relations from the threat or use of force against the sovereignty, territorial integrity, or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the UN Charter.”[1] At the final round of consultations in June 2022, China thanked the Irish Ambassador for the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">clarification that the Political Declaration does not aim to add any new legal obligations or new legal interpretations</strong>. It also proposed the addition of the caveat “and in any event” in paragraphs 1.7, 1.8 and 3.3.[2]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>China <strong>attended the first international follow-up meeting on the Political Declaration</strong> in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>At the first international follow-up conference, China <strong>highlighted its participation in the negotiation of the Political Declaration</strong>, and <strong>welcomed efforts</strong> by the international community to address the issue. China stated that it <strong>continuously improves its regulation on the use of weapons systems in line with international practices</strong>, and referenced its permanent membership of the UN Security Council and party to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. China also shared that programmes on the control of explosive weapons have been attended by more than 700 personnel. Its statement also <strong>drew a direct line between arms export and the use and harm from explosive weapons</strong>, stating that a balance had to be struck between humanitarian concerns and security needs.[3]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>China delivered a statement during the May 2019 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, drawing attention to the need to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">avoid the use of explosive weapons in populated areas in order to protect innocent civilians</strong>.[4] At the UN Security Council Open Debate on Children and Armed Conflict on 5 July 2023, China called on all parties to conflict “to strictly implement the relevant Security Council resolutions, end all indiscriminate attacks and violence that could harm children, r<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">efrain from the use of explosive weapons in densely populated areas</strong> and address the problem of impunity for those who violate children’s rights.”[5]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Consultations – Afternoon’. <u> </u></span><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nO5frX2hnM\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nO5frX2hnM</span></a><span>. </span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Reaching Critical Will notes from Oslo, April 2024. </span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8534. 23 May 2019. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9366. 5 July 2023. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9366(Resumption1)\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9366(Resumption1)</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"16","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"CO","countryName":"Colombia"}}},"region":"Latin_America","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Colombia </span><span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">In the first informal consultations on the Declaration in November 2019, Colombia delivered a joint statement with seven other Latin American and Caribbean states. In this statement, states delineated key elements of a Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas including: acknowledgement of the likely <strong>humanitarian consequences</strong> of the use of explosive weapons of wide area effects in populated areas; a <strong>commitment to avoid use </strong>of such weapons in populated areas and to <strong>develop military operational policies and procedures</strong> in this regard and<strong> identify, develop and exchange best practices</strong>; promote greater <strong>compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law</strong>; commit states to <strong>enable secure and sustainable humanitarian access</strong>; recognise the <strong>rights of victims and affected communities</strong>; encourage collection of <strong>disaggregated data</strong>; strengthen <strong>cooperation and partnerships with international organisations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.[1]</p>\n<p class=\"p6\">Colombia echoed many of these priorities in its statements during the consultation process where it also emphasised that <strong>existing International Humanitarian Law (IHL) provides sufficient regulation on explosive weapons in populated areas if fully implemented</strong> and expressed that the Political Declaration should draw a <strong>distinction between lawful and unlawful uses</strong> of explosive weapons in populated areas by <strong>focussing on indiscriminate use</strong>[2] Colombia also urged the Political Declaration to call on non-state actors to adhere to IHL and reflect that they carry out indiscriminate attacks without taking precautions.[3] At the fourth round of consultations, it also echoed the UK and Israel’s suggestion to have <strong>clear references to the use of explosive weapons by non-state actors</strong>, and urged the states to <strong>define the term “reverberating effects”</strong>.[4]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p6\"><span><strong>Statements and priorities</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Colombia attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. In a statement, Colombia reiterated the risks faced by civilians from the growing use of explosive weapons as set out in the Declaration, and emphasised that experience shows that the </span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">use of explosive weapons in populated areas have devastating and long lasting direct and indirect effects</span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. Colombia stated that it had </span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">guided its armed forces to implement the Declaration</span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, </span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">but admitted that the challenge for the defence and security sector is to develop and materialise changes</span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. The country emphasised its adherence to international humanitarian law, and the importance of understanding the operational context. It also highlighted its collaboration on IHL implementation with international partners and civil society.[5]</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span>Alongside 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, Colombia participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018, resulting in the Santiago Communiqué</span>[6]<span> in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue. </span>In 2019, Colombia joined 71 states to endorse a joint statement on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[7]<span></span></p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW145272750 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW145272750 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW145272750 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW145272750 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Latin American and Caribbean states: Joint Statement to the First Informal Consultations’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 18 November 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW145272750 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Joint-Statement-of-LATAM-and-Caribbean-States-Written-Submission---18-November-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/explosive weapons in populatedareas/Joint-Statement-of-LATAM-and-Caribbean-States-Written-Submission—18-November-2019.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW145272750 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW145272750 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW145272750 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW145272750 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">areas’</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW145272750 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW145272750 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW145272750 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW145272750 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW145272750 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW145272750 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW145272750 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW145272750 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW145272750 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW145272750 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW145272750 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW145272750 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW145272750 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW145272750 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW145272750 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Reaching Critical Will notes from the First International Follow-up Conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway, April 2024. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW145272750 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW145272750 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW145272750 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW145272750 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW145272750 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW145272750 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW145272750 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW145272750 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW145272750 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"17","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"KM","countryName":"Comoros"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Comoros was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span><span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span></p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Comoros <strong>attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration</strong> in Norway in April 2024. </span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p6\">Comoros has aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas in various international forums. <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2024, the Arab Group, of which Comoros is a member, </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>drew attention to the Political Declaration, and the importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons </strong>in populated areas</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.[1] </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"p6\">As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Comoros aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong>promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[2]</p>\n<p class=\"p6\">Comoros also endorsed the Ireland-led joint statement during the United Nations General Assembly’s First Committee in 2019.[3] The statement encouraged states to<strong> participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians</strong>, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration on this issue.[4]</p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW72598506 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW72598506 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW72598506 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW72598506 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The Arab States, ‘Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon*’, Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>19 November 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW72598506 BCX0\" href=\"https://docs-library.unoda.org/Convention_on_Certain_Conventional_Weapons_-Meeting_of_High_Contracting_Parties_(2023)/CCW-MSP-2023-WP.6.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://docs-library.unoda.org/Convention_on_Certain_Conventional_Weapons_-Meeting_of_High_Contracting_Parties_(2023)/CCW-MSP-2023-WP.6.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> ; Organization of Islamic Cooperation, ‘Working Paper’, Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>13-14 November 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW72598506 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g24/209/52/pdf/g2420952.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g24/209/52/pdf/g2420952.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW72598506 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW72598506 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW72598506 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW72598506 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘</span><span>Organisation</span><span> of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW72598506 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW72598506 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW72598506 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW72598506 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW72598506 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW72598506 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW72598506 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW72598506 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW72598506 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW72598506 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW72598506 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"179","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"CG","countryName":"Congo"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>The Republic of Congo has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span><span></span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"18","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"CR","countryName":"Costa Rica"}}},"region":"Latin_America","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Costa Rica was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. Costa Rica regularly delivered statements throughout the consultations towards a Political Declaration, as well as raising concerns around explosive weapons in populated areas and expressing support for a Political Declaration in other multilateral forums. Early in the consultation process Costa Rica <span>delineated key elements of a Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas including:</span> a <strong>commitment to avoid the use of explosive weapons in populated and urban environments</strong> due to the great impact and harm caused to civilians and vital infrastructure; recognition of the <strong>direct and indirect impact on urban infrastructure</strong> of explosive weapons use; recognition of the<strong> psychological effects for the victims and their families</strong>, as well as the inhabitants of the affected communities; underlining the need to act in <strong>compliance with international humanitarian law and international human rights law</strong> and the need to develop effective measures to increase such compliance; promotion of <strong>cooperation and exchange of good practices </strong>as well as <strong>information gathering on harms caused</strong>; recognition that <strong>effective and timely attention and assistance should be given to victims</strong> of explosive weapons in populated and urban settings, in all its aspects – physical, psychological, and economic; to ensure that the recognition of <strong>assistance will be extended to the families of the victims and affected communities</strong>.”[1]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">These were repeated themes throughout Costa Rica’s statements to the consultations, where it repeatedly emphasised that the Declaration should recognise the <strong>full range of direct and indirect, short and long-term humanitarian impacts</strong> – including displacement, increased poverty,<span> </span>and psychological trauma – of explosive weapons in populated areas use, especially of explosive weapons with wide area effects.[2] At the fourth round of consultations in June 2022, Costa Rica said that although not fully perfect, the draft demonstrates an energetic<strong> rejection by the international community to attacks against civilians and other protected people, as well as to the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.[3] At the signing ceremony in Dublin in 2022, Costa Rica recalled the harmful direct and indirect effects of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including to physical and mental health, and the environment. It <strong>commended the participation of civil society during the process</strong>, and said that the Declaration is a sign of hope for the future. It highlighted the five biggest producers of explosive weapons have signed the Declaration, and expressed hope for its implementation.[4]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>Costa Rica committed to take on the international leadership working towards the universalisation and implementation of the Political Declaration </strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>alongside Norway and Ireland during the first international follow-up conference in Oslo in April 2024. The Troika - representing the past, present and incoming Chairs of the process - stressed the continued severe humanitarian suffering and destruction caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas in multiple ongoing conflicts and set out concrete recommendations for the way forward. The Troika reaffirmed that efforts to implement the Declaration at the national level must continue and be reinf</span><span>orced through the development and improvement of policies and practices, including on restricting or refraining from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas when such use is expected to cause harm to civilians or civilian objects. It also emphasised the need for states to gain a thorough understanding of direct and indirect effects, obtained through data collection and sharing, and factoring such efforts into the planning and conduct of military and security operations. The Troika also called for st</span><span>ates to increase assistance to victims and communities affected by armed conflict. [5]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW144121901 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Costa Rica has frequently spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, primarily to</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> <strong>call attention to the devastating humanitarian impacts, to condemn the harms caused to civilians, and to call for action to better protect civilians from harm</strong>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> At the first international follow-up conference on the implementation of the Political Declaration, Costa Rica’s Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs voiced concern for the current “international climate marked by a particular increase in the use of explosive weapons in populated areas” and the “grave human costs” seen in Ukraine, Gaza, Sudan and Myanmar. The conference, Costa Rica said, was “instrumental in fostering cooperation, sharing best practices, and building renewed commitments”. Costa Rica highlighted the recommendations (see above) put forward by the Troika, and encouraged states to build upon them as the foundation of many more actions towards full implementation of the Political Declaration.[6]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW144121901 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2021, Costa Rica </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>condemned the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and called on member states to support a strong Political Declaration</strong> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">on strengthening the protection of civilians from humanitarian harm arising from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.[7] At the 77th UN General Assembly First Committee General Debate, Costa Rica welcomed the conclusion of the negotiations on the Political Declaration, and applauded Ireland for its leadership throughout the process.[8] At the same meeting in 2024, Costa Rica repeated its concern, and stated that </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">the “<strong>use of explosive weapons in densely populated areas continues to be on the rise and disproportionately affects women, girls, boys, people with disabilities and older people</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>.</strong>” 9] Also at the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2024 did Costa Rica express its support for the Political Declaration.[10]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW144121901 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the UN Security Council open debates on the protection of civilians in conflict, Costa Rica also repeatedly raised concerns about, and urged action on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including in 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2024. In 2017, Costa Rica supported calls for parties to conflict to “</span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">avoid the use of explosives within or close to densely populated areas and or explosive weapons with wide-ranging effects</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">” and reiterated</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> <strong>support for international efforts aimed at putting an end to explosive weapons use in densely populated areas</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.[10] In 2018, Costa Rica described the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">use of explosive weapons in urban areas as “simply unacceptable”</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, noting that it “constitutes a huge humanitarian challenge in current </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">conflicts”[</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">11] and in 2019 reiterated its call for parties to armed conflict to end use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas, recalling the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">devastating humanitarian impact such weapons have on civilians and civilian infrastructure</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.[12] At the UN Security Council Open Debate on Children and Armed Conflict on 5 July 2023, Costa Rica stressed the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">importance of an intersectional approach to ensure adequate and child-sensitive responses</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong> to the use of explosive weapons</strong> in densely populated areas.[13] </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW144121901 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Alongside its individual statements, Costa Rica has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">In 2018, Costa Rica joined 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states at the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018, resulting in the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Santiago Communiqué</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">[14] In 2018 and 2019, Chile joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong> </strong>and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[15] </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW144121901 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Costa Rica also supported a statement delivered by Austria to the World Humanitarian Summit Roundtable on Upholding the Norms that Safeguard Humanity in May 2016, in which it committed to</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> <strong>raising international awareness</strong> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">of use of explosive weapons in populated areas, supporting the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>collection of data on direct civilian harm</strong> and the <strong>exchanging of good practices and lessons</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> as well as look for effective measures to strengthen the respect for international humanitarian law, including an international Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.[16] Costa Rica has also condemned the use of explosive weapons in populated areas in numerous joint statements, including as a member of the Human Security Network at the 2013 and 2014 UN Security Council open debates on the protection of civilians in armed conflict.[17] In these statements, the Human Security Network called for all parties to an armed conflict to <strong>r</strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">efrain from using explosive weapons with a wide impact area in populated areas, emphasising that these weapons are indiscriminate within their zones of detonation and therefore pose unacceptable risks to civilians</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW16789582 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW16789582 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Costa Rica Statement: First Informal Consultation on Protecting Civilians in Urban Warfare’. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 18 November 2019. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Costa-Rica-Written-Submission---18-November-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Costa-Rica-Written-Submission—18-November-2019.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Costa-Rica-Written-Submission---18-November-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">f</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW16789582 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Towards a Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: States Need to Ensure that Expressed Commitments Translate into Real Impacts on the Ground’. Reaching Critical Will. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW16789582 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Consultations – Afternoon’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nO5frX2hnM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nO5frX2hnM</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW16789582 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Morning Session.’</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW16789582 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">First international follow-up conference to the adoption of the Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences Arising from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (EWIPA Declaration): Outcome statement and recommendations for the way forward. Issued by Costa Rica, Ireland and Norway. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/EWIPA_Troika_Outcome_Statement_8cc0c54c94.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/EWIPA_Troika_Outcome_Statement_8cc0c54c94.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW16789582 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Closing remarks by Alejandro Solano Ortiz, Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, Costa Rica. 23 April 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Alejandro_Solano_Ortiz_Costa_Rica_Closing_Session_bd19ac10b1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Alejandro_Solano_Ortiz_Costa_Rica_Closing_Session_bd19ac10b1.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW16789582 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">’Permanent Mission of Costa Rica to the United Nations: First Committee Statement’. Reaching Critical Will. 5 October 2021. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com21/statements/5Oct_CostaRica.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com21/statements/5Oct_CostaRica.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. Costa Rica has made similar statements at the 69th UN General Assembly First Committee Conventional Weapons Debate in 2014 (‘Permanent Mission of Costa Rica to the United Nations: First Committee Statement–Conventional Weapons cluster’. Reaching Critical Will. 22 October 2014 </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/22Oct_CostaRica.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/22Oct_CostaRica.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.); at the 70th UN General Assembly First Committee General Debate in 2015 (‘Permanent Mission of Costa Rica to the United </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Nations:‘First</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> Committee Statement–General Debate’. Reaching Critical Will. 12 October 2015. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/12October_CostaRica.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/12October_CostaRica.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.); and at the 73rd UN General Assembly First Committee General Debate (</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">2018)(</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> Permanent Mission of Costa Rica to the United Nations in 2018 (‘‘First Committee Statement–General Debate’. Reaching Critical Will. 11 October 2018. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/11Oct_CostaRica.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/11Oct_CostaRica.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">)</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW16789582 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Young, K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.4’. Reaching Critical Will. 22 October 2022. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No4.pdf.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW16789582 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Misión </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">permanente</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> de Costa Rica ante las </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Naciones</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> Unidas, ‘First Committee General Debate’, 16 October 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/16Oct_CostaRica.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/16Oct_CostaRica.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW16789582 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Reaching Critical Will, “CCW Report: Civil society perspective on the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons 13-15 November 2024”, 21 November 2024 </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/reports/CCWR12.4.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/reports/CCWR12.4.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW16789582 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7951. 25 May 2017. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7951\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7951</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW16789582 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8264. 22 May 2018. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8264\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8264</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW16789582 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8534. 23 May 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW16789582 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9366. 5 July 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9366(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9366(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW16789582 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW16789582 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"17\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW16789582 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW16789582 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"18\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW16789582 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW16789582 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.6917. 12 February 2013</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> (Resumption1); United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW16789582 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"19","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"CI","countryName":"Côte d’Ivoire"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Côte d’Ivoire<span> was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.<strong> </strong>At the signing ceremony in Dublin in 2022, Côte d’Ivoire said that the declaration is a reminder of obligations to<strong> comply with International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and to protect civilians</strong>. It also stressed that the use of explosive weapons in populated areas is not purely a military and humanitarian issue, but also has <strong>effects on sustainable development</strong>.[1]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Côte d’Ivoire attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Norway in April 2024.</span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the <strong>first international follow-up conference</strong> on the Political Declaration, Côte d’Ivoire spoke during the session on Military Policy and Practice. It <strong>welcomed recommendations, in particular on collaborations on regional and subregional levels, and suggested the establishment of a guide for endorsing countries, that would bring together </strong></span><strong><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">guidances</span></strong><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong> on implementation</strong>.[2]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">In statements to the United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2012, 2017, 2019, and 2020, Côte d’Ivoire has reiterated its commitment to the protection of civilians in conflict.[3]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">The <strong>Group of Friends</strong> on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, of which Côte d’Ivoire is a member, noted the adoption of the Political Declaration at the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict on 23 May 2023.[4] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">In 2024, the Group highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that “<strong>the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations.</strong>” To that end, <strong>the Political Declaration was identified as providing “practical tools that ensure that protection is real and effective.</strong>”[5]</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Côte d’Ivoire</span></span> aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[6] </p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW233447288 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW233447288 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW233447288 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW233447288 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> ‘Watch back. Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Afternoon Session’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW233447288 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW233447288 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW233447288 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW233447288 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW233447288 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Reaching Critical Will, Notes from the first international follow-up conference in Oslo, Norway, April 2024. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW233447288 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW233447288 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW233447288 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW233447288 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA67 First Committee Statement: Permanent Mission of Côte d’Ivoire to the United Nations’. Reaching Critical Will. 26 September 2012. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW233447288 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/unga/2012/GA67_CotedIvoire.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/unga/2012/GA67_CotedIvoire</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW233447288 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/unga/2012/GA67_CotedIvoire.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW233447288 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/unga/2012/GA67_CotedIvoire.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">;</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> ‘UNGA72 First Committee Statement: Permanent Mission of Côte d’Ivoire to the United Nations’. Reaching Critical Will. 17 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW233447288 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/17Oct_CoteIvoire.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/17Oct_CoteIvoire.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Statement–Conventional Weapons Debate: Permanent Mission of Côte d’Ivoire to the United Nations’. Reaching Critical Will. 25 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW233447288 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/25Oct_CoteIvoire.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/25Oct_CoteIvoire.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW233447288 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW233447288 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW233447288 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. <a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW233447288 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. <br><br></span></span></span></li>\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW233447288 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1) 21 May 2024. <a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true</a> </span></span></li>\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW233447288 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW233447288 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity. ‘</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Organisation</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW233447288 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.htm</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW233447288 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">l</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW233447288 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW233447288 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"> </p>\n</div>"}},{"id":"20","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"HR","countryName":"Croatia"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Croatia was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. At the signing ceremony in Dublin in November 2022, Croatia remembered the destruction of its cities during war and said that the protection of civilians should be the core of the UN and ICRC agenda. It welcomed the adoption of the EWIPA declaration, and said it stands open and ready <span>to provide support to countries affected by EWIPA, participating in meetings intended for experts, and exchanging experience.</span>[1]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the 2024 General Assembly First Committee debate, Croatia expressed concern for the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas, stating that this has a “devastating impact on civilians and civilian infrastructure” and that it can “present the blatant violations of IHL”.[2]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p4\">As a member of the European Union (EU), Croatia has signed onto numerous joint statements <strong>condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</strong>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict[3], <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">including in 2024, when the EU stated it was ‘deeply concerned by the use and humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas, which has significant civilian impact and should thus be restricted or avoided’,[4] </span></span>and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee[5]. At the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the <strong>indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</strong>.[6] The EU, with Croatia signing on, has also <strong>repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee[7] (where it <span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the declaration’s commitments)</span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians.</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Croatia also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>.”[8] In 2018 and 2019, Croatia joined around 50 states to endorse a joint statement on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[9]</p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW265379461 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW265379461 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW265379461 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW265379461 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Morning Session.’</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265379461 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKy</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265379461 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">o</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW265379461 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW265379461 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW265379461 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW265379461 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">“Statement at the 79th Session of the General Assembly First Committee on Conventional Weapons”, 24 October 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265379461 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/24Oct_Croatia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/24Oct_Croatia.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW265379461 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW265379461 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW265379461 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW265379461 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265379461 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265379461 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265379461 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW265379461 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW265379461 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW265379461 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW265379461 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265379461 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW265379461 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW265379461 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW265379461 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW265379461 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265379461 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265379461 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">f</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW265379461 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW265379461 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW265379461 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW265379461 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265379461 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW265379461 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW265379461 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW265379461 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW265379461 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 23 October 2023.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265379461 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW265379461 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW265379461 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW265379461 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW265379461 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity Archives. ‘Croatia’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265379461 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/307.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/307.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW265379461 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW265379461 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW265379461 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW265379461 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265379461 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265379461 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265379461 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"111","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"CU","countryName":"Cuba"}}},"region":"Caribbean","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Cuba has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (explosive weapons in populated areas). </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>It did, however, participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. In 2020, commenting on a draft of key elements for the declaration, Cuba emphasised that the Political Declaration should be in line with the UN Charter, particularly in that it should recognise “legitimate defence” for crimes of aggression, referencing UN Charter article 51, and respect sovereign equality, non-interference with internal affairs of states, and self-determination. Cuba also noted that the<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> use of explosive weapons in populated areas is prohibited by International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and cannot possibly meet IHL principles</strong>, and expressed concern that, in Cuba’s view, the draft elements paper appeared to indicate that such use is possible and can be justified. </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Cuba focused on the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">importance of states reiterating their commitments to enforcing IHL to prevent the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and emphasised that the Political Declaration must not weaken IHL by being selective in references or abbreviating or restating IHL</strong>. Cuba insisted that <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">states should be the first to avoid use of explosive weapons in populated areas, but non-state actors should also be prevented from obtaining or using explosive weapons of any kind</strong>. Consequently, Cuba also <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">called for the document to mention arms producers</strong>, saying that they bear clear responsibility for use of explosive weapons in populated areas.[1]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Cuba attended the first international follow-up meeting on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p><span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the first international follow-up </span>conference, Cuba e<strong>xpressed support for the protection of civilians </strong>promoted at the conference, and <strong>praised it for providing a platform highlight the lived experiences of victims and survivors</strong>, s<strong>peak about humanitarian access and assistance requirements</strong>, <strong>the role of the UN, the ICRC, international organisations and civil society, and exchange research on and lessons learnt</strong> on the harm from explosive weapons, with the aim of raising awareness of humanitarian consequences as well as <strong>good practices to strengthen protection</strong>. Cuba <strong>emphasised the importance of international humanitarian law</strong>, and expressed that even though explosive weapons do not amount to their own category in international law, <strong>“states must refrain from using explosive weapons with wide-area impacts in densely populated areas.”</strong> <strong>This</strong>, it stated, <strong>caused indiscriminate damage and unnecessary suffering and cannot comply with the principles of distinction, precaution and proportionality</strong> set out in international humanitarian law, and thus <strong>should be forbidden</strong>. Cuba also spoke about the need for states to consider the area effects and lethality of weapons, as well as the population density in areas where they might be used. Cuba also raised concern about the use of explosive weapons by non-state armed groups.[2]</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020. </span><span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</a></span><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Intervención de la delegación de la República de Cuba en la Primera Conferencia internacional de seguimiento a la Declaración política sobre el Fortalecimiento de la protección de los civiles contra las consecuencias humanitarias derivadas del uso de armas explosivas en áreas pobladas (EWIPA). Oslo, 23-24 de abril de 2024. </span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW124106326 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Cuba_Session_3_45895425a6.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Cuba_Session_3_45895425a6.pdf</span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"> [Translated to English with google translate]</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"21","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"CY","countryName":"Cyprus"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Cyprus was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.<strong> </strong>At the signing ceremony in Dublin in November 2022, Cyprus shared the view that explosive weapons have a <strong>devastating impact on civilians and civilian objects</strong> around the world, and that their use in populated areas has been shown to cause<strong> long-term humanitarian harm</strong>. Cyprus also said that reaffirmation of the <strong>obligations of all parties in armed conflict under applicable international law </strong>is a crucial element of the Declaration.[1]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p4\">Cyprus has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. As a member of the European Union (EU), Cyprus has signed onto numerous joint statements <strong>condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater compliance with International Humanitarian Law </strong>(IHL). This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict[2] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">including in 2024 when the EU stated it was ‘deeply concerned by the use and humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas, which has significant civilian impact and should thus be restricted or avoided’,[3] </span></span>and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee[4], as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the <strong>indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</strong>.[5] The EU, with Cyprus signing on, has also <strong>repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it <span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the declaration’s commitments)</span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians.</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Cyprus also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>.”[6] In 2018 and 2019, Germany joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[7]</p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW265105767 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW265105767 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW265105767 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW265105767 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> ‘Watch back. Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Afternoon Session’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265105767 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559685":1080,"335559740":240,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW265105767 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW265105767 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW265105767 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW265105767 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265105767 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265105767 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265105767 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265105767 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">f</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW265105767 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW265105767 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW265105767 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW265105767 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265105767 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW265105767 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW265105767 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW265105767 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW265105767 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265105767 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW265105767 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW265105767 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW265105767 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW265105767 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265105767 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilian</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265105767 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">s</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW265105767 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW265105767 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW265105767 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW265105767 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity Archives. ‘Cyprus’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265105767 BCX0\" href=\"http://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/307.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/307.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW265105767 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW265105767 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW265105767 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW265105767 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265105767 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265105767 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW265105767 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"22","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"CZ","countryName":"Czech Republic"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">The Czech Republic <span>was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\">The Czech Republic has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on EWIPA. As a member of the European Union (EU), the Czech Republic has signed onto numerous joint statements <strong>condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</strong>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict[1], <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>most recently in 2024, when the EU stated it was ‘deeply concerned by the use and humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas, which has significant civilian impact and should thus be restricted or avoided’,[2] </span></span>and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee[3]. At the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities the EU expressed concern over the <strong>indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</strong>.[4] The EU, with the Czech Republic signing on, has also <strong>repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it <span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the declaration’s commitments)</span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians. As well as signing onto EU statements, at the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, the Czech Republic <span>highlighted the <strong>humanitarian consequences of explosive weapon use</strong> by Russian forces in Ukraine.</span>[5]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">the Czech Republic also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>.”[6] In 2018 and 2019, the Czech Republic joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[7]</p>","references":"<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW113743371 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW113743371 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW113743371 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW113743371 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW113743371 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW113743371 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW113743371 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW113743371 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW113743371 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW113743371 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW113743371 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW113743371 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW113743371 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW113743371 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW113743371 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW113743371 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW113743371 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW113743371 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW113743371 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW113743371 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW113743371 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW113743371 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW113743371 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW113743371 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW113743371 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW113743371 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW113743371 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW113743371 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">First Committee Monitor, Vol.21, No.5’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 November 2023.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW113743371 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW113743371 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW113743371 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW113743371 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW113743371 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity Archives. ‘Czech Republic’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW113743371 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/150.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/150.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW113743371 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW113743371 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW113743371 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW113743371 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW113743371 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW113743371 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW113743371 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">f</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW113743371 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW113743371 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"112","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"KP","countryName":"Democratic People's Republic of Korea"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span><span></span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"113","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"CD","countryName":"Democratic Republic of the Congo"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>In 2017, the DRC endorsed the communiqué arising from the Maputo Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas[1]. The Maputo Communiqué discussed the harms of explosive weapons in populated areas, the role of African states in working against it, and the need to create a Political Declaration on the matter. The 19 African states present agreed to work independently and cooperatively to, <em style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">inter alia</em>: <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; encourage <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">collection of data and information</strong>; fully <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">support the process towards adoption of an international Political Declaration</strong>; promote <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">bilateral and regional cooperation through sharing experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm</strong> caused by explosive weapons to civilians; constructively <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engage in discussions and initiatives at international level</strong> that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; foster deeper and further <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engagement from African States</strong>; and strengthen <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Communiqué from Maputo Regional Conference on the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 28 November 2017. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"23","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"DK","countryName":"Denmark"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Denmark <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. In April 2022, as the draft Declaration neared finalisation, Denmark echoed previous speakers to say that the <strong>purpose of the Declaration was not to create new rules, but rather to secure and enhance compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL)</strong>. It proposed to amend paragraphs 3.3 and 3.4 to align with the IHL terminology to avoid ambiguity. It also recommended replacing the term “reverberating effects” by “incidental or indirect effects”.[1]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and priorities</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p4\">Denmark has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas, notably the Nordic Group and the European Union (EU). Denmark delivered a statement on behalf of the Nordic Group during the 72nd UN General Assembly First Committee in October 2017 that called on countries to <strong>participate in the ongoing discussions on protecting civilians in conflict</strong>, drawing attention to the <strong>indiscriminate use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas, which cause a degree of civilian loss of life that is clearly disproportionate and in violation of IHL</strong>.[2] In 2022, at the UN General Assembly First Committee, the Nordic Group welcomed the Declaration as a positive outcome at a time of increased pressure within the international security environment, as well as a good sign that the international community can still work together towards tangible humanitarian goals.[3]</p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW50853620 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Denmark has also signed onto other joint statements by the Nordic Group that have drawn attention to the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">importance of adhering to IHL and avoiding the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, including at the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in 2012,[4] 2013,[5] 2014,[6] 2016,[7] and 2024.[8] In these statements, the Nordic Group highlighted the use of explosive weapons in populated areas as an issue that requires immediate attention, including through </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">robust data collection</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> on its impact and the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">sharing of policies and practices to prevent the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">The Group’s statement in 2024, delivered by Denmark, highlighted the widespread and reverberating harm caused by the destruction of critical infrastructure, and welcomed initiatives that provide a more nuanced understanding of how patterns and types of harm affect different groups and identified the Political Declaration as a concrete tool to </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">minimise</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> such harm effectively.[9] At the UN General Assembly First Committee debate in 2024, the Group expressed concern for the increasing use of explosive weapons in populated areas, stating that it “poses great risk to civilians and civilian infrastructure. “ The Group underlined the key role of the Political Declaration herein, and said that “if fully implemented, it can improve the way we conduct military operations and ensure compliance with IHL”, encouraging all states to endorse it.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">[10]</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities, the Nordic Countries jointly called on all parties to conflict to </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">prevent civilian harm resulting from use of explosive weapons in populated areas, especially those with wide area effects</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.[11] At the 2022 UN General Assembly First Committee General Debate, the Nordic Group welcomed the conclusion of the negotiations on the Political Declaration.[12]</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW50853620 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">As a member of the European Union (EU), Denmark has signed onto numerous joint statements </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>.</strong> This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict[13] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee,[14] as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>.</strong>[15] The EU, with Denmark signing on, has also </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration</strong> on explosive weapons in populated areas</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, and at the 2023 and 2024 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians. In 2024, the EU stated it was ‘deeply concerned by the use and humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas, which has significant civilian impact and should thus be restricted or avoided’.[16] Denmark also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>.</strong>”[17]</span></span></p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW59999404 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW59999404 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW59999404 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 2’.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pK6v1iIZG8A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pK6v1iIZG8A</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW59999404 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW59999404 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘United Nations General Assembly 72nd Session, First Committee General Debate: Statement by Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden’. 2 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"https://front.un-arm.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/statement-by-norway-on-behalf-of-the-nordic-countries-.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://front.un-arm.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/statement-by-norway-on-behalf-of-the-nordic-countries-.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW59999404 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW59999404 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Young, K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.4’. Reaching Critical Will. 22 October 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No4.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No4.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No4.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">f</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW59999404 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW59999404 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7019. 19 August 2013. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW59999404 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW59999404 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW59999404 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW59999404 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW59999404 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW59999404 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7606. 19 January 2016. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7606</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW59999404 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW59999404 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW59999404 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW59999404 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW59999404 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW59999404 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Nordic Statement October 2024: UNGA 79 First Committee - General Debate,’ </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/7Oct_Nordic.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/7Oct_Nordic.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW59999404 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW59999404 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilian</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">s</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW59999404 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW59999404 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW59999404 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Young, K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.2’. Reaching Critical Will. 8 October 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW59999404 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW59999404 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW59999404 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW59999404 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW59999404 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW59999404 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilian</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">s</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW59999404 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW59999404 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW59999404 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"17\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW59999404 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW59999404 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity Archives. ‘Denmark’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW59999404 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/152.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/152.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"114","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"DJ","countryName":"Djibouti"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Djibouti has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in <strong>2024</strong>, a working paper submitted by the <strong>Arab Group</strong>, of which Djibouti is a member, <strong>drew attention to the Political Declaration, and the importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.[1]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Djibouti aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[2]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Arab Group, ‘Working Paper: Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon’, 19 November 2024, </span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW206895643 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span><span data-contrast=\"none\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf</span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"> </span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</a></span><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"115","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"DM","countryName":"Dominica"}}},"region":"Caribbean","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Dominica has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"24","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"DO","countryName":"Dominican Republic"}}},"region":"Caribbean","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">The Dominican Republic <span>was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. During the signing ceremony of the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022, the Dominican Republic called for <strong>strengthening the protection of civilians from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and stressed the urgent need for the declaration to be implemented</strong>.[1]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Dominican Republic attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">At the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration the Dominican Republic <strong>drew attention to the widespread harm caused to civilian populations and infrastructure</strong> in ongoing conflicts, as well as highlighting the harm caused in its own country. The Dominican Republic <strong>underlined the relevance and importance of the Political Declaration across conflicts today</strong>, and pointed to recommendations put forward by the ICRC and Article 36’s Implementation Framework to improve protection. The Dominican Republic also highlighted its work to clear its own territory from explosive remnants from war.[2]</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span>The Dominican Republic has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. </span>With 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, the Dominican Republic participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018, resulting in the <strong>Santiago Communiqué</strong> in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue.[3]</p>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span>As a member of the Group of Friends on the Protection of Civilians, the Dominican Republic has supported statements at the UN Security Council </span>open debate on the Protection of Civilians stressing the <strong>need to enhance the protection of civilians from the humanitarian impacts of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and taking note of the consultations led by Ireland[4]. <span>At the </span>UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">in May 2024 the Group highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that “the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations.” To that end, the Political Declaration was identified as providing “practical tools that ensure that protection is real and effective.”[5] </span></span>At the debate in May 2023, the Group noted the adoption of the Political Declaration[6]. At the same meeting, the Group of Friends of Action on Conflict and Hunger, of which the Dominican Republic is also a member, strongly welcomed the Political Declaration, called on other states to join it, and said that the Oslo Conference will provide a critical opportunity to make progress in implementing the Declaration.[7]<span> </span>At the January 2022 UN Security Council open debate on war in cities, the Group of Friends on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict called on states to <strong>enhance the protection of civilians, including from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and took note of the ongoing consultations to develop a Political Declaration.[8]<span></span></p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW151946954 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW151946954 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW151946954 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW151946954 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> ‘Watch back. Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Afternoon Session’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW151946954 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW151946954 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW151946954 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW151946954 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW151946954 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Reaching Critical Will, Notes from the First International Follow-up Conference on the Political Declaration. April 2024. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW151946954 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW151946954 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW151946954 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW151946954 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW151946954 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW151946954 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW151946954 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW151946954 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW151946954 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW151946954 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW151946954 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW151946954 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW151946954 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW151946954 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1) 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW151946954 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW151946954 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW151946954 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW151946954 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW151946954 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW151946954 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW151946954 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW151946954 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW151946954 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW151946954 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW151946954 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW151946954 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW151946954 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW151946954 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW151946954 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"25","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"EC","countryName":"Ecuador"}}},"region":"Latin_America","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Ecuador </span><span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">In the first informal consultations on the Declaration in November 2019, Ecuador delivered a joint statement with seven other Latin American and Caribbean states. In this statement, states delineated key elements of a Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas including: acknowledgement of the likely <strong>humanitarian consequences</strong> of the use of explosive weapons of wide area effects in populated areas; a <strong>commitment to avoid use </strong>of such weapons in populated areas and to <strong>develop military operational policies and procedures</strong> in this regard and<strong> identify, develop and exchange best practices</strong>; promote greater <strong>compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law</strong>; commit states to <strong>enable secure and sustainable humanitarian access</strong>; recognise the <strong>rights of victims and affected communities</strong>; encourage collection of <strong>disaggregated data</strong>; strengthen <strong>cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organizations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.[1]</p>\n<p class=\"p6\">Many of these elements were echoed in Ecuador’s statements to the consultations, in which it emphasised that <strong>the Political Declaration should address indirect, long-term, and reverberating effects of explosive weapons in populated areas, recognise the rights of victims and affected communities, and to provide adequate victim assistance</strong> to those affected, including family members of victims of use of explosive weapons in populated areas.[2] Ecuador also said a <strong>gendered perspective and intergenerational approach should be reflected within the Declaration, including involvement of local communities and on victim assistance</strong>.[3] Throughout the consultations, Ecuador consistently <strong>argued for the inclusion of an avoidance policy and <em>presumption of non-use</em> of explosive weapons in populated areas and opposed the use of qualifiers</strong> throughout the text of the declaration in phrases such as “harms which <em>can</em> arise from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.”[4] As the text reached its final stages, Ecuador noted that the Declaration is just the beginning of the process, and that the <strong>implementation of the commitments and their follow-up</strong> will allow an evaluation of the real impact on the protection of civilians from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.[5] At the signing ceremony in Dublin in November 2022, Ecuador called states to avoid the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, especially those with wide area effects and expressed hope that the Declaration opens up a <strong>new space for dialogue with states to improve their policies and practices.</strong>[6]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p6\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p6\">Ecuador has, on several occasions, spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, primarily to <strong>emphasise the humanitarian impact of use of explosive weapons in populated areas and call for action</strong>. In its statement to the May 2019 UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict in May 2019, Ecuador reaffirmed the commitments it made in the Santiago Communiqué and emphasised that the humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons on civilian populations cannot be overlooked, reiterating its support for “<strong>an international Political Declaration that would enable and promote the best protection of civilians, mainly women, children, the elderly and persons with disabilities, in armed conflicts by preventing the use of long-range explosive weapons in populated areas.</strong>”.[7] At the 76th UN General Assembly First Committee in 2021, Ecuador condemned the continued use of explosive weapons in populated areas[8] and at the January 2022 UN Security Council open debate on war in cities Ecuador called on states to step up their efforts against the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.[9]</p>\n<p class=\"p6\">Ecuador has also repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. <span>Alongside 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, Ecuador participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018, resulting in <strong>the Santiago Communiqué</strong></span>[10]<span><strong> in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue</strong>. </span>In 2019, Ecuador joined 71 states to endorse a joint statement on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm[11].</p>\n<p class=\"p6\">At the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in May 2023, the Group of Friends of Action on Conflict and Hunger, of which Ecuador is a member, <strong>strongly welcomed the Political Declaration, called on other states to join it</strong>, and said that the Oslo Conference will provide a critical opportunity to make progress in implementing the Declaration.[12]<span></span></p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Latin American and Caribbean states: Joint Statement to the First Informal Consultations’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 18 November 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Joint-Statement-of-LATAM-and-Caribbean-States-Written-Submission---18-November-2019.pdf\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/explosive weapons in populatedareas/Joint-Statement-of-LATAM-and-Caribbean-States-Written-Submission—18-November-2019.pdf.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Towards a Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: States Need to Ensure that Expressed Commitments Translate into Real Impacts on the Ground’. Reaching Critical Will. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-wepons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground</span></a><span>; Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Written Submission: Permanent Mission of Ecuador to the United Nations’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 17 March 2020. </span><a href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Ecuador-Written-Submission---17-March-2020.pdf\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Ecuador-Written-Submission—17-March-2020.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></a><span>; ‘Ecuador comments to the latest draft of the Political Declaration to address the humanitarian harm arising from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. </span><a href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/Ecuador.pdf\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/Ecuador.pdf.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Consultations – Afternoon’. </span><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nO5frX2hnM\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nO5frX2hnM</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span> Irish Department of Foreign Affairs.</span><span> ‘Watch back. Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Afternoon Session’. </span><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8534. 23 May 2019. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span> ‘UNGA76 First Committee Statement: Permanent Mission of Ecuador to the United Nations’. Reaching Critical Will. 12 October 2021. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com21/statements/12Oct_Ecuador.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com21/statements/12Oct_Ecuador.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022. </span><a href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\"><span>https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"116","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"EG","countryName":"Egypt"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Egypt has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (explosive weapons in populated areas). It did, however, participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. In the first informal consultations on the declaration in November 2019, Egypt stressed that <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">the Political Declaration should not aim to create new norms or “stigmatise” certain types of weapons</strong>. Egypt also <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">stressed the need for the declaration to include non-state actors</strong>.[1] Egypt reaffirmed these positions during the second round of consultations in 2020, noting that <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">new regulations are not needed to prevent the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, but that it is instead necessary to fully implement existing international humanitarian law (IHL)</strong>. Egypt also called on the Political Declaration to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">differentiate between lawful and unlawful uses of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.[2]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Egypt attended the first international follow-up meeting on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">At the first international follow-up conference Egypt stated that <strong>“in principle, Egypt supports all endeavours aiming at enhancing the protection of civilians from the devastating consequences of wars and armed conflicts</strong>, in accordance with the principles of International Humanitarian Law.” It expressed<strong> “deep and solid belief” in the “goals for which the Political Declaration is calling”</strong> <strong>and a “strong conviction in the n</strong></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><strong>eed to improve compliance with international humanitarian law and to protect civilians when conducting military operations.”</strong> Egypt expressed that its Armed Forces and law enforcement authorities abide by international humanitarian law, and strictly adheres to “the principles of humanity, necessity, distinction and proportionality to limit, as far as possible, damage, injury and death to civilian objects in accordance with IHL.” </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Egypt also <strong>reiterated concerns it has expressed about the Political Declaration </strong></span><span data-contrast=\"none\">not providing clear definitions of the term “explosive weapons” or “of the exact scope of its implementation and how it would be compatible with existing binding norms and principles of IHL”. In the case of the former, it expressed concern that it opened the door to “divergent interpretations based on political motivations that might transcend the purpose of that the Declaration is supposed to achieve” and stigmatise the use of conventional weapons necessary for legitimate self-defence and law enforcement </span><span data-contrast=\"none\">purposes. Egypt also <strong>stated that the Declaration creates new mechanisms and commitments in broad and general terms,</strong> and a concern that this did not take into consideration states’ specific characteristics, circumstances, capabilities and national security concerns. Egypt also <strong>spoke about the ongoing and extensive use of explosive weapons in highly populated areas</strong> in Gaza, stating that it would have expected states that have endorsed the Political Declaration to unequivocally condemn the acts of Israel “whic</span><span data-contrast=\"none\">h stand in stark contrast to all the principles and actions for which this Declaration advocates”. The conflict in Gaza, it stated, provided a case for examining how the Political Declaration and its commitments could make a meaningful difference. [3]</span><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Egypt has on a number of occasions spoken on EWIPA in multilateral forums. At the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in May 2019, Egypt <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">condemned the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, noting that “<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">conflicts are increasingly taking place in densely populated areas where explosive weapons with indiscriminate effects on civilians are used. All that requires a comprehensive approach that takes into account the specific characteristics of each conflict and prioritizes above all the protection of civilians, particularly women, children and the most vulnerable</strong>.”[4] During the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, Egypt </span><span>referenced explosive weapon use by Israeli armed forces in the Occupied Palestinian Territories.</span><span>[5]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Egypt has also aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2024, a working paper submitted by the Arab Group, of which Egypt is a member, <strong>drew attention to the Political Declaration, and the importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.[6]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, of which Egypt is a member state, aligned itself with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to “Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity” in May 2016, including the commitment “<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[7]</span></p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW38826327 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38826327 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38826327 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38826327 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38826327 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Towards a Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: States Need to Ensure that Expressed Commitments Translate into Real Impacts on the Ground’. Reaching Critical Will. 2019.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38826327 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-wepons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38826327 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38826327 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38826327 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38826327 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38826327 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38826327 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38826327 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38826327 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38826327 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>“Statement - Arab Republic of Egypt – EWIPA Oslo, 23rd April 2024 The First International Follow-up Conference to the Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of </span><span>Civillians</span><span> from the Humanitarian Consequences Arising from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas” 23 April 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38826327 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Egypt_Session_3_280d5d0a27.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Egypt_Session_3_280d5d0a27.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38826327 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38826327 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38826327 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38826327 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8534. 23 May 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38826327 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38826327 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38826327 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38826327 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38826327 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Young, K. 2023. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.21, No.5’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 November 2023.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38826327 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38826327 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38826327 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38826327 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38826327 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Arab Group, ‘Working Paper: Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon’, 19 November 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38826327 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW38826327 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38826327 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38826327 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38826327 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38826327 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘</span><span>Organisation</span><span> of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38826327 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"67","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"SV","countryName":"El Salvador"}}},"region":"Caribbean","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">El Salvador <span>was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. At the Dublin Conference in November 2022, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines underlined the importance of <strong>accountability for international humanitarian law (IHL) violations and stressed the explosive weapons users must be aware of legal and moral standards of the international community</strong>.[1]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">At the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, El Salvador drew attention to the <strong>‘particularly severe’ impact on civilian populations from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>. It <strong>encouraged all states that had yet to endorse the Political Declaration</strong> to do so, and called for <strong>endorsing states to make efforts to implement the Declaration fully</strong>.[2]</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span>El Salvador has several times aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. </span>With 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, <span>El Salvador </span>participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018, resulting in the <strong>Santiago Communiqué</strong> in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue.<span>[3] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">In 2018 and 2019, El Salvador joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[4] </span></span></span></p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs.</span><span> ‘Watch back. Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Afternoon Session’. </span><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">UN Security Council. S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). P. 31-32. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW87354188 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></span></li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\"><span>https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW238103118 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW238103118 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW238103118 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"117","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"GQ","countryName":"Equatorial Guinea"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Equatorial Guinea has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Equatorial Guinea aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[1]</span><span></span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"118","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"ER","countryName":"Eritrea"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Eritrea has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"119","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"EE","countryName":"Estonia"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Estonia has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Estonia has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. At the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in May 2023, the Group of Friends of Action on Conflict and Hunger, of which Estonia is a member, strongly welcomed the Political Declaration, called on other states to join it, and said that the 2024 Oslo Conference will provide a critical opportunity to make progress in implementing the Declaration.[1]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>As a member of the European Union (EU), Estonia has signed onto numerous joint statements <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</strong>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict [2] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee[3], as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</strong>.[4] At the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on Protection of Civilians, the EU expressed that given the significant impact of the explosive weapons in populated areas its use should be restricted or avoided.[5] </span><span>The EU, with Estonia signing on, has also <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference[6], the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it </span><span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span><span>[7], and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians.[8]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Estonia aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in its capacity as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[8]</span></p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW183190181 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW183190181 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW183190181 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW183190181 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW183190181 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW183190181 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW183190181 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW183190181 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW183190181 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW183190181 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW183190181 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW183190181 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW183190181 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW183190181 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW183190181 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW183190181 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW183190181 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW183190181 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW183190181 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW183190181 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW183190181 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW183190181 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW183190181 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW183190181 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW183190181 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW183190181 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW183190181 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW183190181 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW183190181 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW183190181 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW183190181 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Morning Session.’</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW183190181 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW183190181 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW183190181 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW183190181 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW183190181 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Young, K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.2’. Reaching Critical Will. 8 October 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW183190181 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘Statement on Conventional Weapons’. European Union. 23 October 2023.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW183190181 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.</span></span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW183190181 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW183190181 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW183190181 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW183190181 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW183190181 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW183190181 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW183190181 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW183190181 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW183190181 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Agenda for Humanity Archives, ‘Estonia’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW183190181 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/158.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/158.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"120","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"SZ","countryName":"Eswatini"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Eswatini has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"121","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"ET","countryName":"Ethiopia"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Ethiopia has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Ethiopia attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>In 2017, Ethiopia endorsed the communiqué arising from the Maputo Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas.[1] The Maputo Communiqué discussed the harms of explosive weapons in populated areas, the role of African states in working against it, and the need to create a Political Declaration on the matter. The 19 African states present agreed to work independently and cooperatively to, <em style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">inter alia</em>: a<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">void the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; encourage <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">collection of data and information</strong>; fully <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">support the process towards adoption of an international Political Declaration</strong>; promote <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">bilateral and regional cooperation through sharing experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm</strong> caused by explosive weapons to civilians; constructively <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engage in discussions and initiatives at international level</strong> that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; foster deeper and further <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engagement from African States</strong>; and strengthen <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Communiqué from Maputo Regional Conference on the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 28 November 2017. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"122","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"FJ","countryName":"Fiji"}}},"region":"Pacific","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Fiji has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Fiji endorsed the Ireland-led joint statement during the 74th United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2019.[1] The statement recognised the<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> devastating humanitarian effects of the use explosive weapons in populated areas and encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians</strong>, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration on this issue.[2]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></a><span>.</span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"27","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"FI","countryName":"Finland"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Finland </span><span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span>Finland regularly delivered statements throughout the consultations towards a Political Declaration, as well as raising concerns around explosive weapons in populated areas and expressing support for a Political Declaration in other multilateral forums. Early in the consultation process </span>Finland suggested that the declaration<strong> include considerations of the environmental effects of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>[1]<strong> </strong>and suggested the addition of a reference to <strong>binding obligations to protect hospitals and demilitarised zones, and for the evacuation of civilians</strong>.[2] During the consultations, Finland also emphasised the need to <strong>include “all vulnerable groups” within provisions regarding victim assistance</strong>[3] and to recognise the <strong>gendered impacts</strong> of explosive weapons in populated areas use[4]. The importance of international humanitarian law (IHL) was also a repeated theme in Finland’s statements to the consultations, where it stressed the importance of specifying that <strong>all parties to a given conflict, including non-state actors, are bound by IHL</strong>[5] that suggested the focus of the consultations should be on the full and effective implementation of IHL[6].<strong> </strong>At the signing ceremony in Dublin in November 2022, Finland welcomed the declaration’s strong call for full and effective implementation of IHL as a means to protect civilians and to avoid and minimize civilian harm in military operations. Finland reiterated that it is critical that the declaration raises the importance of an <strong>integrated, gender-sensitive and non-discriminatory approach, and acknowledges the rights of persons with disabilities and their assistance</strong>.[7]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Finland attended and spoke at the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><strong>Statements and positions</strong></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW133402698 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration Finland spoke during the session on Military Policies and Practices. It <strong>expressed its commitment to “the full and effective implementation” of the Political Declaration</strong>. The country’s statement <strong>focused specifically on defensive activities</strong>, stating that its Defence Forces have a “comprehensive approach” in its “practices to avoid and minimise civilian harm, whilst maintaining prepared</span><span>ness to defend all of Finland’s territory against an aggressor.” Herein, it identified an effective public warning system, proactive evacuation of populated areas, and effective cooperation between the Defence Forces and civilian authorities are crucial steps to mitigate civilian harm. Finland also stated it has “a comprehensive set of safety criteria and regulations aimed towards mitigating incidental harm to civilians or civilian infrastructure.” Finland shared that it “<strong>has already taken extensive steps t</strong></span><span><strong>o implement the elements of the declaration”, but that there “is still need for reviewing and improving military policies and practices to protect civilians in conflict situations when necessary.”</strong> It concluded its remarks by suggesting that comparing and exchanging existing practices would be useful to improve national practices and better adapt to “changing contexts, adversaries as well as new technological developments”[8].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW133402698 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Finland has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas, notably the Nordic Group and the European Union (EU). In 2017, at the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Finland 72nd UN General Assembly First Committee, delivered a statement on behalf of the Nordic countries<strong> drawing attention to the </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">indiscriminate use</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span><strong> of explosive weapons</strong> with wide area effects in populated areas and the consequent </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">disproportionate loss of civilian life </span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span><strong>and violations of IH</strong>L.[9] A</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>t the same meeting in 2024, the Group expressed concern for the increasing use of explosive weapons in populated areas, stating that it “poses great risk to civilians and civilian infrastructure. </span><span>“ The</span><span> Group under</span><span>lined the key role of the Political Declaration herein, and said that “if fully implemented, it can improve the way we conduct military operations and ensure compliance with IHL”, encouraging all states to endorse it.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>[10]</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Finland has also signed onto other joint statements by the Nordic Group that have drawn attention to the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>i<strong>mportance of adhering to IHL and avoiding the use of explosive weapons</strong> in populated areas</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>, including at the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Con</span><span>flict in 2012,[10] 2013,[11] 2014,[12], 2016[13] and 2024[14]. In these statements, the Nordic Group highlighted the use of explosive weapons in populated areas as an issue that requires immediate attention, including through </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>robust data collection</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> on its impact and the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>sharing of policies and practices to prevent the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The Group’s statement in 2024, delivered by Denmark, highlighted the widespread and reverberating harm caused by the destruction of critical i</span><span>nfrastructure, and welcomed initiatives that provide a more nuanced understanding of how patterns and types of harm affect different groups and identified the Political Declaration as a concrete tool to minimise such harm effectively.[15] </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>At the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities, the Nordic Countries jointly called on all parties to conflict to </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span><strong>prevent civilian harm resulting from use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, especially those with wide area effects</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>.[16] At the 2022 UN G</span><span>eneral Assembly First Committee General Debate, the Nordic Group welcomed the conclusion of the negotiations on the Political Declaration[17].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW133402698 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>As a member of the European Union (EU), Finland has also signed onto numerous joint statements </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects</strong>,<strong> as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict[18], including in 2024 when the EU stated it was “deeply concerned by the use and humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas, which has significant civilian impact and should thus be restricted or avoided”[19] and a</span><span>t the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee.[20</span><span>] At</span><span> the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>.</strong>[21] The EU, with Finland signing on, has also </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration</strong> on explosive weapons in populated areas</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>h</span><span>ighlighted the work ahead for implementing the declaration’s commitments)</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians. Finland also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>”</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>[22].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW133402698 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In 2018 and 2019, Finland joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[23] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW133402698 BCX0\">\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><strong>Implementation of the Political Declaration</strong></h2>\n</div>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW122848221 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In February 2024, INEW and EWM conducted a state survey into endorser states' national efforts to disseminate and implement the Political Declaration. In the survey, Finland reported that it had </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">disseminated the Political Declaration</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>, specifically to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs (MFA), the Ministry of Defence </strong>(MOD), as well as throughout the organisation of the Finnish Defence Forces (DF); the Defence Command, the Army Command, the Navy Command and the Air Force Command. <strong>The </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">MFA, MoD and DF share responsibility for implementing the Declaration</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, with coordination responsibility held by the Unit for Arms Control at the MFA. Finland reported that it had conducted briefings, workshops or trainings </span><span>on the content of the Declaration, stating that it had been included in detail in its International Humanitarian Law trainings which are conducted in cooperation with the Finnish Red Cross[24].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW122848221 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Finland stated that it has </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">not conducted any revision of its laws, policies, codes, approaches, practices or similar since the adoption of the Political Declaration</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. It reported that “</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>existing laws and policies were reviewed on a general level during the adoption process</strong> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>in order to confirm that there were no contradictions between them and the commitments of the declaration”[25].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW122848221 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>To view all of Finland’s responses to the INEW and EWM state survey, and other states’ responses, see the </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW122848221 BCX0\" href=\"https://explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/reports/1/explosive-weapons-monitor-2023/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">Explosive Weapons Monitor 2023</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>,</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> Chapter III on Universalisation and Implementation of the Political Declaration. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>’Finland Written Submission – 10 February 2020’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 10 February 2020. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Finland-Written-Submission---10-February-2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Finland-Written-Submission—10-February-2020.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; ‘Comments by Finland on the Draft Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences that Can Arise from the Use of Explosive Weapons with Wide Area Effects in Populated Areas’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 3-5 March 2021. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions3-5march/FINLAND-ewipa-kommentit-5.3.2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions3-5march/FINLAND-ewipa-kommentit-5.3.2021.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated </span><span>areas’</span><span>. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated </span><span>areas’</span><span>. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. Available from: </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>’Finland Written Submission – 10 February 2020’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 10 February 2020. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Finland-Written-Submission---10-February-2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Finland-Written-Submission—10-February-2020.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; ‘Comments by Finland on the Draft Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences that Can Arise from the Use of Explosive Weapons with Wide Area Effects in Populated Areas’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 3-5 March 2021. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions3-5march/FINLAND-ewipa-kommentit-5.3.2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions3-5march/FINLAND-ewipa-kommentit-5.3.2021.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>‘Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences arising from the use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 18 November 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Finland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Finland.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Finland's statement, Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences arising from the use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas Session 1: Military policies and practices, 23.4.2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Finland_Session_1_41fa2c3543.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Finland_Session_1_41fa2c3543.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘United Nations General Assembly 72nd Session, First Committee General Debate: Statement by Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden’. 2 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://front.un-arm.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/statement-by-norway-on-behalf-of-the-nordic-countries-.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://front.un-arm.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/statement-by-norway-on-behalf-of-the-nordic-countries-.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>‘Nordic Statement October 2024: UNGA 79 First Committee - General Debate,’ </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/7Oct_Nordic.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/7Oct_Nordic.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7019. 19 August 2013. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7606. 19 January 2016. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7606</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"17\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"18\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Young, K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.2’. Reaching Critical Will. 8 October 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"19\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"19\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf;</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent</span><span> Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"20\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"20\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"21\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"21\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"22\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"22\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"23\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"23\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Agenda for Humanity Archives, ‘Finland’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/165.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/165.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"24\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"24\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW38974163 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"25\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"25\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Finland’s response to the International Network on Explosive Weapons and the Explosive Weapons Monitor’s State Survey, March 2024. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW38974163 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"26\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW38974163 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"26\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW38974163 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"28","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"FR","countryName":"France"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">France<span> </span><span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. France regularly delivered statements throughout the consultations towards a Political Declaration suggesting that <strong>the focus should be on promoting International Humanitarian Law (IHL) as a sufficient existing framework and avoiding creating any new obligations</strong></span>.[1] France also argued that the Declaration should not try to focus on categories of weapons independent of the way in which they are employed, rather it should try to <strong>distinguish between what France referred to as legal employments of weapons and those that are indiscriminate</strong>.[2] At the consultations in 2020, France suggested that the Political Declaration should treat non-state actors as being on equal footing and should condemn use of human shields and any exploitation of presence of civilians and civilian objects.[3] It also expressed that it is <strong>concerned only with the indiscriminate use of explosive weapons, not their indiscriminate effects</strong>.[4]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">France echoed this position throughout the consultations, arguing that the Declaration should only address “indiscriminate use” of explosive weapons and should explicitly distinguish between the lawful and unlawful use of explosive weapons in populated areas, otherwise it would stigmatise explosive weapons generally. France supported the addition of qualifiers in the text to indicate that harm “can” potentially arise from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas[5] and <strong>suggested including the caveat “where feasible and appropriate” in relation to the collection and sharing of data</strong>.[6] At the final consultation in June 2022, <span>France said it is convinced that<strong> strengthening cooperation, training, and exchange of know-how among states will lead to greater effectiveness of IHL</strong>.</span>[7]<span> During the signing ceremony in Dublin in November 2022, France encouraged states to endorse the Political Declaration and to participate actively in the follow-up process. France also highlighted that the implementation of the Declaration will contribute to the evolution of operation procedures and practices of armed forces to minimize civilian harm, taking into account the urban environment and the circumstances of attack.</span>[8]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span>France attended and spoke at the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span>At the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration France welcomed the conference. It described it as the beginning of a process that aims to promote cooperation and sharing best practices to better protect civilians. It highlighted its support for actions aimed to protect civilians and stated that a lot of training will have to be conducted in this context. France specifically <strong>highlighted the priority it puts on the Declaration’s commitments pertaining to the humanitarian impacts of explosive weapons use</strong>, and shared that its humanitarian strategy for 2023-2027 has been renewed to take into account new obstacles and priorities. The statement also focused on pre and post-conflict measures, including reinforcing civil society, demining and facilitating the return of civilian populations to their home country.[9]</span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span>France has spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas at several UN Security Council open debates on the protection of civilians in armed conflict: </span>in May 2017, France spoke about its use of explosive weapons in populated areas in contexts like Libya, Mali, and the Levant, insisting that their “<strong>very strict rules of engagement make possible the prevention of humanitarian consequences of our operations [using explosive weapons in populated areas], in accordance with international humanitarian law</strong>.”[10] More recently, in <span>May 2023, France urged states to sign the Political Declaration[11] a call it repeated during the 2023[12] and 2024[13] UN General Assembly First Committee.</span></p>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW13290925 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW13290925 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Alongside its individual statements, France has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. As a member of the European Union (EU), France has signed onto numerous joint statements </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed </span><span>Conflict,</span><span> including in 2024, when the EU stated it was ‘deeply concerned by the use and humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas, which has significant civilian impact and should thus be restricted or avoided.[14] The EU has made similar statements at the General Debate of the UN General Assembly First Committee. In 2024, the EU aid it “recognised the challenges associated with the use of explosive weapons and munitions in densely populated areas and their potential impact on civilians and call on all parties to conflict to fully comply with International Humanitarian Law”[15]. At the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities, the EU expressed concern over the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.[16] The EU, with France signing on, has also </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration</strong> on explosive weapons in populated areas</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW13290925 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW13290925 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>France also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.”[17] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n</div>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224800146 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>As a member of the Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, France has supported statements at the UN Security Council stressing the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">importance of</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong> respecting IHL and the need to enhance the protection of civilians</strong>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>[18</span><span>] At</span><span> the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians, the Group highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that “the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations.” To that end, the Political Declaration was identified as providing “practical t</span><span>ools that ensure that protection is real and effective.”[19] The</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Group of Friends of Action on Conflict and Hunger, which France is a member of, also strongly </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">welcomed the Political Declaration, called on other states to join it, and said that the Oslo Conference will provide a critical opportunity to make progress in implementing the Declaration</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">[</span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>20].</span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Implementation of the Political Declaration</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW212165130 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In February 2024, INEW and EWM conducted a state survey into endorser states' national efforts to disseminate and implement the Political Declaration. In the survey, France reported that it had </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>disseminated the Political Declaration</strong> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>through internal notes to the appropriate entities, but did not name these. France stated that the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs and Armed Forces is responsible for the implementation</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong> of the Declaration</strong>. France stated that internal meetings on the Political Declaration and its implementation have been organised with appropriate entities[21].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW212165130 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Upon a question of whether France had reviewed existing laws, policies, practices </span><span>or</span><span> similar relevant to the protection of civilians to identify areas where further policy development was necessary to meet the Declaration’s commitments, it stated that its Armed Forces undertake a continuous process of reviewing procedures and doctrines based upon feedback, lessons from past operations as well as the evolution of international documents. France identified multiple policies and doctrines that could be used to help the implementation of the Declaration, including its military operations law manual, joint publication on collateral damage, joint doctrine on civil-military cooperation and joint publication on explosive weapons[22].</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW13290925 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW212165130 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW212165130 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>To view all of France’s responses to the INEW and EWM state survey, and other states’ responses, see the </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW212165130 BCX0\" href=\"https://explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/reports/1/explosive-weapons-monitor-2023/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">Explosive Weapons Monitor 2023</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>,</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> Chapter III on Universalisation and Implementation of the Political Declaration. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n</div>\n</div>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Towards a Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: States Need to Ensure that Expressed Commitments Translate into Real Impacts on the Ground’. Reaching Critical Will. 2019. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-wepons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>‘Protection des populations </span><span>civiles</span><span> </span><span>lors</span><span> </span><span>d’opérations</span><span> </span><span>en</span><span> milieu </span><span>urbain</span><span> – Consultations </span><span>informelles</span><span>’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 18 November 2019. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/France-Written-Submission--18-November-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/France-Written-Submission–18-November-2019.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/France-Written-Submission--18-November-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>f</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> ’</span><span>Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations: Written Submission’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 10 February 2020. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/France-Written-Submission---10-February-2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/France-Written-Submission—10-February-2020.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated </span><span>areas’</span><span>. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 2’.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pK6v1iIZG8A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pK6v1iIZG8A</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; ’Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations: Written Submission, Revision 2’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 6-9 April 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/France.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/France.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Varella, L. 2022. ‘States agree to final text of Political Declaration on the use of explosive </span><span>weapons’</span><span>. Reaching Critical Will. 22 June 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16289-states-agree-to-final-text-of-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16289-states-agree-to-final-text-of-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Morning Session.’</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Reaching Critical Will notes from the First International Follow-up Conference in Oslo, Norway, April 2024. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7951. 25 May 2017. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7951\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7951</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Young, K. 2023. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.21, No.5’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 November 2023.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>“79 </span><span>ème</span><span> session de </span><span>l’Assemblée</span><span> </span><span>générale</span><span> des Nations-</span><span>Unies</span><span> Première Commission Intervention de Mme Camille PETIT </span><span>Ambassadrice</span><span>, </span><span>Représentante</span><span> </span><span>permanente</span><span> de la France </span><span>auprès</span><span> de la </span><span>Conférence</span><span> du </span><span>Désarmement</span><span> </span><span>Cheffe</span><span> de la </span><span>délégation</span><span> française (New York, le 23 </span><span>octobre</span><span> </span><span>2024 ‘</span><span>ARMES CONVENTIONNELLES’”, 23 October 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/24Oct_France.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/24Oct_France.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>f</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"17\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Agenda for Humanity Archives. ‘France’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/168.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/168.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"18\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"19\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"19\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1) 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"20\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"20\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"21\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"21\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>France’s response to the International Network on Explosive Weapons and the Explosive Weapons Monitor’s State Survey, March 2024. [Translated into English with Google Translate]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"22\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"22\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The survey was answered in French with the following original titles for the policies and publications: Manuel de droit des </span><span>opérations</span><span> </span><span>militaires</span><span> (</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW93394387 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.defense.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/sga/Manuel%20de%20droit%20des%20op%C3%A9rations%20militaires_%C3%A9dition%202022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.defense.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/sga/Manuel%20de%20droit%20des%20op%C3%A9rations%20militaires_%C3%A9dition%202022.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>); Publication </span><span>interarmées</span><span> PIA-3.3.9_</span><span>EDC(</span><span>2022) N°107/ARM/CICDE/NP du 11 </span><span>juillet</span><span> 2022 sur </span><span>l’estimation</span><span> des </span><span>dommages</span><span> </span><span>collatéraux</span><span>; Doctrine </span><span>interarmées</span><span> DIA-3.19_</span><span>CIMIC(</span><span>2019), n°125/ARM/CICDE/NP du 17 </span><span>juillet</span><span> 2019 sur la </span><span>coopération</span><span> </span><span>civilo-militaire</span><span>; Publication </span><span>interarmées</span><span> PIA-7.7.7_</span><span>REG(</span><span>2011) N°D-11-009803/DEF/EMA/MA/NP du 15 </span><span>décembre</span><span> 2011 sur les </span><span>restes</span><span> </span><span>explosifs</span><span> de guerre. Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW93394387 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW93394387 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n</div>"}},{"id":"123","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"GA","countryName":"Gabon"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Gabon has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Gabon has spoken in multilateral forums on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas, both in its individual capacity and aligned with other states. During the May 2011 UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, Gabon expressed<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> concern over the increasing use of explosive munitions in heavily populated areas</strong>.[1] At the UN Security Council Open Debate War in Cities: Protection of Civilians in Urban Settings on 25 January 2022, Gabon argued that while there are no specific rules of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) for urban areas, and the use of explosive weapons in populated areas is not expressly prohibited, one can question the legality of such use in light of the main rules of IHL. It argued that <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">there is “no doubt that the use of explosive weapons in populated areas can hardly be reconciled with respect for IHL.”</strong> Gabon also <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">supported the call on all parties to armed conflict to avoid the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and welcomed the development of a Political Declaration</strong> on this subject.[2]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Gabon aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[3]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.6531. 10 May 2011. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6531\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6531</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022. </span><a href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>. </span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"197","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"GM","countryName":"Gambia"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>The Gambia has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. However, it has acknowledged the harm caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.<a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn1;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--></a></span><span></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><u><span>Statements and positions</span></u><span></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 15.0pt;\"><span>The Gambia has aligned with other states to deliver statements that have mentioned the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas. At the 2021 CCW meeting, the African Group, of which the Gambia is a member, reiterated its deep concern for the continued threats posed by landmines, explosive remnants of war and Improvised Explosive Devices, “including the devastating consequences they have on civilians, post-conflict reconstruction, integration efforts and socio-economic development”, as set out in a communique from the Peace and Security Council of the African Union.<a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn3;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]<!--[endif]--></a></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 15.0pt;\"><span>At the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, the Non-Aligned Movement, of which The Gambia is a member, condemned the indiscriminate shelling and bombing of Palestinian civilian areas.<a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn4;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[3]<!--[endif]--></a></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 15.0pt;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, The Gambia aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”<a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn5;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[4]<!--[endif]--></a></span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0in;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"color: #2c3236; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>INEW </span><span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/states/gambia/\">https://www.inew.org/states/gambia/</a></span><span> </span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"color: #2c3236; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Sixth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects Geneva, 13-17 December 2021, African Group, 13 December 2021, </span><span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2021/RevCon/statements/14Dec_AfricanGroup.pdf\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2021/RevCon/statements/14Dec_AfricanGroup.pdf</a></span><span>; Communiqué of the 1032rd meeting of the PSC held on 16 September 2021 on the Continental and Regional Activities in the Area of Mine Action, </span><span>Peace and Security Council of the African Union, 1 October 2021, </span><span><a href=\"https://www.peaceau.org/en/article/communique-of-the-1032rd-meeting-of-the-psc-held-on-16-september-2021-on-the-continental-and-regional-activities-in-the-area-of-mine-action\">https://www.peaceau.org/en/article/communique-of-the-1032rd-meeting-of-the-psc-held-on-16-september-2021-on-the-continental-and-regional-activities-in-the-area-of-mine-action</a></span><span> </span><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"color: #2c3236; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Statement by Delegation of the Republic of Indonesia on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, First Committee 78th Session United Nations General Assembly, October 2023. </span><span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/17Oct_NAM.pdf\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/17Oct_NAM.pdf</a></span><span> </span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"color: #2c3236; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</a></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"29","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"GE","countryName":"Georgia"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Georgia was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span><span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW73054245 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>During the 2024 General Assembly First Committee, <strong>Georgia spoke about the use of explosive weapons </strong>in the context of the war in Ukraine, calling out Russian missile strikes against Ukrainian energy infrastructure.[1]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW73054245 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Georgia aligned itself with the EU statement at the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict. In the statement, the EU stated it was “<strong>deeply concerned by the use and humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons</strong> in populated areas, which <strong>has significant civilian impact and should thus be restricted or avoided</strong>”.[2]</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">In 2018 and 2019, Georgia joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[3]</p>\n<p class=\"p7\"> </p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW222865788 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW222865788 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW222865788 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW222865788 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">79</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">th</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> Session of the General Assembly First Committee General Debate Statement by Mr. David Abesadze, Deputy Permanent Representative of Georgia to the United Nations New York, October 16, 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW222865788 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/16Oct_Georgia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/16Oct_Georgia.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW222865788 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW222865788 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW222865788 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW222865788 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW222865788 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW222865788 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW222865788 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW222865788 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW222865788 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW222865788 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW222865788 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW222865788 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">f</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW222865788 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW222865788 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"30","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"DE","countryName":"Germany"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Germany </span><span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span> <span>Germany regularly delivered statements throughout the consultations towards a Political Declaration[1], as well as raising concerns around explosive weapons in populated areas and expressing support for a Political Declaration in other multilateral forums. Early in the consultation process Germany highlighted the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">importance of developing and sharing military policies and good practices</strong> – in military doctrines, tactical instructions, rules of engagement, the testing and development of new weapons, education, and other measures—to enhance protection of civilians and <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL)</strong>[</span><span>2</span><span>]. </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>These were repeated themes throughout Germany’s statements to the negotiations, which also emphasised the need for the Declaration to condemn <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">violations of IHL</strong> (at times suggesting that indiscriminate and therefore non-IHL-compliant use of explosive weapons in populated areas was the primary cause of civilian harm) and to accurately reflect <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">the role of non-state actors in causing civilian harm as well as their responsibilities</strong>. Alongside France and the UK, Germany submitted a joint statement to the consultations delineating key elements they would like to see reflected in a Political Declaration, namely consideration of non-state actors and a clear distinction between the legitimate use of explosive weapons in populated areas in specific conflict situations and indiscriminate use that breaches IHL[</span><span>3</span><span>]. Throughout the consultations, Germany was also <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">vocal in calling for victim assistance</strong>[</span><span>4</span><span>] and for further <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">work to understand the meaning of direct, indirect and reverberating effects</strong> of explosive weapons in populated areas as well as how to effectively take these into account when conducting a military operation[5].</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Germany attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW216635056 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration Germnay spoke both on </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Military Policies and Practices</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> and on </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Understanding Direct and Indirect Effects</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> of explosive weapons. On the former,<strong> Germany explained that any use of explosive weapons by its armed forces is subject to NATO and national regulations</strong>, with guidelines that translate the rules of IHL “in very strict and narrow terms” such that “the <strong>use explosive weapons would in many cases only be possible to a limited extent or, depending on the situation, not at all</strong>,” and the protection of civilians and civilian infrastructure is considered to the highest degree. Germany also drew attention to its training, including <strong>specific training for all soldiers involved in planning and executing urban operations, and operational planning,</strong> which are based on NATO procedures. It highlighted NATO’s Joint Targeting Process, set out in the Allied Joint Doctrine 3.9, as especially relevant to the Political Declaration. In addition, Germany reported that its Federal Government continues to analyse and explore opportunities to further increase awareness of the Political Declaration in military manuals, orders and instructions pertaining to training.[6]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW216635056 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Germany also emphasised particular <strong>focus</strong> it has put <strong>on indirect and reverberating effects of the use of explosive weapons</strong>, and the importance of the specific commitment within the Declaration dedicated to this. Germany welcomed efforts to improve the understanding of the nature, scope and foreseeability of reverberating effects, including by UNIDIR and the Explosive Weapons Monitor. It called for this knowledge base to be further enriched through <strong>improved data collection</strong> (emphasising the importance of disaggregated data), <strong>case studies, research and exchange among stakeholders,</strong> <strong>emphasised the need to “move towards utilising this knowledge to inform policies and practices,”</strong> and suggested this could be operationalised through tools, guidance and scenario-based exercising at national and regional levels, or through other training and capacity building activities. One specific suggestion from Germany is a guidebook for states on how to consider reverberating effects and data collec</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">tion.[7]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW216635056 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Germany has frequently spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, primarily to condemn the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">harms caused to civilians and call for action to better protect civilians from harm, including through greater adherence to IHL</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. For example, at the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, Germany drew attention to the Political Declaration, stating that it “remains a key instrument in addressing the grave of humanitarian consequences” of the use of explosive weapons.[8] During the 2019 debate, Germany stressed the need to draw “red lines” on explosive weapons in populated areas, flagging the Germany-initiated series of “explosive weapons in populated areas Talks” held in Geneva in 2018[9] that brought together military practitioners, diplomats, and humanitarian actors to discuss</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> best military practices</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> to minimise civilian casualties in urban theatres of conflict.[10] For the past decade, Germany has also repeatedly raised concerns over explosive weapons in populated areas in UN Security Council open debates on Children in Armed Conflict[11] and more recently at the general debates of the UN General Assembly First Committee where </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">in 2022</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">[12]</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> and 2023,</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">[13]</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> <strong>Germany </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">welcomed the successful completion of the Political Declaration and encouraged states to actively engage in its follow-up process</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> to mitigate the humanitarian consequences from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and at the same meeting in 2024 underlined the importance of the commitments set out in the Political Declaration, pointing to ongoing conflicts, and said it would contribute to contribute towards broadening support and actively engaging in the follow-up process.[14]</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> Also at the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">2022 Meeting of the CCW High Contracting Parties in November 2022, Germany expressed hope that the Declaration would be supported by a large number of states.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW216635056 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Alongside its individual statements, Germany has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. As a member of the European Union (EU), Germany has signed onto numerous joint statements </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict[14] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee,[15] as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>.</strong>[16] The EU, with Germany signing on, stated it was “deeply concerned by the use and humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas, which has significant civilian impact and should thus be restricted or avoided” during the 2024 open debate on the protection of civilians.[17] The EU has also </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons</strong> in populated areas</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":0,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":0,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":0,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":0,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":0,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW216635056 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Germany also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance <strong>by </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.”[18] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW216635056 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">As a member of the Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, Germany has supported statements at the UN Security Council stressing the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">importance of</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong> respecting IHL and the need to enhance the protection of civilians from the effects of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">[19] At the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, the Group highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that “the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations.” To that end, the Political Declaration was identified as providing “practical tools that ensure that protection is real and effective</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.”[</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">20] As a member of the</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Group of Friends of Action on Conflict and Hunger, Germany also<strong> strongly </strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>welcomed the Political Declaration, called on other states to join it, and said that the Oslo Conference will provide a critical opportunity to make progress in implementing the Declaration</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>.</strong>[21] In 2018 and 2019, Germany joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[22]</span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Implementation of the Political Declaration</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW203701371 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">In February 2024, INEW and EWM conducted a state survey into endorser states' national efforts to disseminate and implement the Political Declaration. In the survey, Germany reported that it had </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">disseminated the Political Declaration “through relevant focal points within the Federal Foreign Office and Ministry of Defence</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.” Germany reported that these focal points have further distributed the Declaration and relevant information after the adoption of the Declaration to “relevant stakeholders in their area of responsibility” such as armed forces personnel, to ensure national implementation. It further shared that “inclusion of relevant stakeholders from political and technical level has been ensured already during the process of negotiation.”[23]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW203701371 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>Germany reported that the responsibility to implement the Declaration was coordinated by two focal points within the German Federal Foreign Office and the Ministry of Defence</strong>. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Specifically, these sit with Division OR10 Conventional Arms Control and Division </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Politik</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> I 5 Arms Control, respectively.[24]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW203701371 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Upon a question of whether </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Germany has conducted briefings, workshops or trainings on the content of the Declarations and plans for its domestic implementation</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, Germany responded in the affirmative. Elaborating on this, Germany emphasised that international humanitarian law was an integral part of training in its armed forces, and that “civilian interests are taken into account during military operations through strict compliance with the provisions of international humanitarian law, in particular Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions.” To this end, Germany stated that </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">legal advisors advise and support its armed forces in military activities at all levels</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, both in peacetime and in conflict. Further, it stated that the legal requirements in IHL for the protection of civilians and civilian objects have and will always be included in military doctrines and documents and “constitute the strict standard for military action.” Germany stated that protection of civilian populations is always a key consideration in its military decision-making, and that </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">“<strong>the topic of explosive weapons in populated areas is taken into account in the training of soldiers in various career paths in the respective military organisational areas</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, such as the army”.[25]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW203701371 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Germany also emphasised its role in placing the issue on the international agenda through a series of workshops in 2017 and 2018 with the ICRC and GICHD titled ‘EWIPA talks’ “to inform a first substantial debate within the CCW and engage all relevant national and international stakeholders on the question of how to address the specific humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons use in populated areas.”[26]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW203701371 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Germany stated that its government<strong> </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">has reviewed laws, policies, condes, approaches, practices and continues to do so</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, referencing compliance in the German reporting to the CCW. Germany also highlighted its support to research, publications, workshops and international exchanges to help inform and shape the development of the Declaration through dialogue and research. Germany highlighted its support to UNIDIR to develop Menus of Indicators to support the collection of data to understand and document reverberating effects from the use of explosive weapons on different areas of civilian life. This work, Germany stated, is important to prepare efforts to prevent, mitigate and respond to the negative humanitarian consequences from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. Germany stated that it will “continue its support to improve the understanding of reverberating effects, to broaden our shared knowledge, via data collection, case studies, research and exchange, to conceptualise reverberating effects and operationalise these concepts in order to be in a position to feed them into the practice of armed forces.”[27]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW203701371 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Germany did not identify any challenges in its planning for or implementation of the commitments set out in the Declaration.[28]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW203701371 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Upon the question of whether Germany had undertaken other initiatives pertaining to strengthening the protection of civilians from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Germany highlighted its continued commitment to the follow-up process of the Declaration</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>. </strong>This includes Germany’s support for the UNODA to create a lasting core structure to sustainably ensure the more effective implementation and universalisation of the Declaration. Germany also promotes universalisation and implementation through international and bilateral fora.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">[29]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW203701371 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>To view all of Germany’s responses to the INEW and EWM state survey, and other states’ responses, see the </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW203701371 BCX0\" href=\"https://explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/reports/1/explosive-weapons-monitor-2023/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">Explosive Weapons Monitor 2023</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, Chapter III on Universalisation and Implementation of the Political Declaration. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":0,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":0,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":0,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":0,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":0,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Reaching Critical Will. ‘Statements – Political Declaration Process’. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/disarmament-fora/ewipa/political-declaration/statements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/disarmament-fora/explosive weapons in populated areas/political-declaration/statements</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Towards a Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: States Need to Ensure that Expressed Commitments Translate into Real Impacts on the Ground’. Reaching Critical Will. 2019. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-wepons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Towards a Political Declaration to Address the Humanitarian Harm Arising </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">From</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas–Statement’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 18 November 2019.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Germany-Written-Submission-18-November-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/explosive weapons in populated areas/Germany-Written-Submission-18-November-2019.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘France-Germany-United Kingdom: EWIPA Submission’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 18 November 2019.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/France-Germany-United-Kingdom-Paper-Written-Submission---18-November-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/explosive weapons in populated areas/France-Germany-United-Kingdom-Paper-Written-Submission—18-November-2019.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">areas’</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Germany’s Written Submission to the Consultation Process’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 6-9 April 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/Germany.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/Germany.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Consultations – Morning’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6kJVfHdXSc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6kJVfHdXSc</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">First International Follow-Up Conference to </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">the Adoption</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> of the Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences Arising from the use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (EWIPA DECLARATION). Statement by Germany in Session 1 – Military policies and practices. 23 April 2024 </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Germany_Session_1_3552b20222.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Germany_Session_1_3552b20222.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">First International Follow-Up Conference to </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">the Adoption</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> of the Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences Arising from the use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (EWIPA DECLARATION) Statement by Germany in Session 2 – Understanding direct and indirect effects. 23 April 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Germany_Session_2_2c33e3d9c0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Germany_Session_2_2c33e3d9c0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. P. 2. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">On June 2018, the Mission of Germany convened at the UN in Geneva the first of two planned workshops on “Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Humanitarian, Technical, Legal and Military Considerations.” The second meeting was hosted in September 2018, supported by the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8534. 23 May 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">See, for example, United Nations Security Council. S/PV.6017. 12 February 2013. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA72 First Committee Statement–Conventional Weapons Debate’. Permanent Mission of Germany to the United Nations. 26 September 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/2Oct_Germany.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/2Oct_Germany.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Y</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">oung, K. 2023. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.21, No.5’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 November 2023.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Statement on Conventional Weapons UN General Assembly, 79th Session, First Committee’, 23 October 2024, </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/23Oct_Germany.pd</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">f</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"17\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"18\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"19\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"19\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity Archives. ‘Germany’. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/175.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/175.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"20\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"20\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"21\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"21\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1) 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"22\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"22\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"23\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"23\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW6939140 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":0,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":0,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":0,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":0,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"24\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"24\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Germany’s response to the International Network on Explosive Weapons and the Explosive Weapons Monitor’s State Survey, March 2024.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":0,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":0,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":0,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":0,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"25\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"25\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":0,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":0,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":0,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":0,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"26\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"26\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":0,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":0,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":0,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":0,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"27\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"27\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":0,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":0,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":0,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":0,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"28\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"28\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":0,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":0,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":0,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":0,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"29\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"29\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1440,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":0,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":0,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":0,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":0,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6939140 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW6939140 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span></span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\"> </span></p>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"124","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"GH","countryName":"Ghana"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Ghana has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration, though expressed its support for the process. </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Ghana has on several occasions spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. At the United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2019, Ghana supported the process towards a political declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the protection of civilians and civilian objects in armed conflict.[1] It reiterated this support the following year, saying “we are encouraged by the inclusive consultative process initiated by Ireland to develop a political declaration in addressing the humanitarian consequences of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). We <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">call on all stakeholders to show genuine political will towards such innovative measures for the protection of civilians and civilian objects in armed conflict in compliance with international humanitarian law</strong>.”[2] At the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in May 2022, Ghana said that the Security Council could help s<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">trengthen the protection of civilians in armed conflict by improving reporting mechanism for monitoring and tracking civilian harm to cover reporting on civilian casualties by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.[3]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>In 2017, Ghana endorsed the communiqué arising from the Maputo Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas.[4] The Maputo Communiqué discussed the harms of explosive weapons in populated areas, the role of African states in working against it, and the need to create a Political Declaration on the matter. The 19 African states present agreed to work independently and cooperatively to, <em style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">inter alia</em>: <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; encourage <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">collection of data and information</strong>; fully <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">support the process towards adoption of an international Political Declaration</strong>; promote <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">bilateral and regional cooperation through sharing experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm</strong> caused by explosive weapons to civilians; constructively <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engage in discussions and initiatives at international level</strong> that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; foster deeper and further <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engagement from African States</strong>; and strengthen <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Ghana also endorsed the Ireland-led joint statement during the 74th United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2019.[5] The statement <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international political declaration </strong>on this issue.[6]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘UNGA75 First Committee Statement General Debate’. Permanent Mission of Ghana to the United Nations. 14 October 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com20/statements/14Oct_Ghana.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com20/statements/14Oct_Ghana.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Statement’. Permanent Mission of Ghana to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/24Oct_Ghana.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/24Oct_Ghana.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"color: #2c3236; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span><a style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042.</a></li>\n</ol>\n<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"4\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Communiqué from Maputo Regional Conference on the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 28 November 2017. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/. </span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/. </span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"31","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"GR","countryName":"Greece"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Greece <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. <span> </span>Greece regularly delivered statements throughout the consultations towards a Political Declaration, repeatedly voicing its concern about the <strong>indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in densely populated areas</strong>. In its statements to the 2020 consultations, Greece suggested including the phrase “disproportionate use” as the focus of the Political Declaration.[1] Later in the consultation process, Greece stated that the Declaration should<span> <strong>not seek to establish restrictions going beyond existing provisions of international humanitarian law (IHL)</strong>, and strongly suggested <strong>the term “indiscriminate” be included in order to highlight the problem of unlawful use</strong> of explosive weapons. </span>It also expressed its<strong> preference for the term </strong><span><strong>\"indirect effects\" instead of \"reverberating effects\"</strong> throughout the text.</span>[2]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW226571433 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Greece has spoken in multilateral forums in support of the Declaration. At the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2022, Greece highlighted the new Political Declaration’s utility in addressing the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas,</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">[3] and the following year </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">recognised</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> the importance of the Political Declaration, saying it would pave the way to the Oslo Conference in 2024.[4] At the 2024 UN General Assembly First Committee, Greece <strong>expressed particular concern for the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and expressed its support and commitment to the Political Declaration</strong>.[5] In a working paper submitted to the 2024 Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, Greece praised the inclusive nature of the forum. Reflecting over the need to balance military necessity and humanitarian concerns in a rapidly changing (and complex) battlefield environment, and as military capabilities evolve, it </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">emphasised</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> the need to place prohibitions and clear restrictions on the use of certain types of weapons that are deemed to have indiscriminate effects on civilians, to ensure compliance to IHL and </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">minimise</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> harm to civilians. In this context, Greece highlighted the <strong>Political Declaration</strong>, stressing that it <strong>serves as a “platform to promote the exchange of best practices to </strong></span><strong><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">minimise</span></strong><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong> harm to civilians</strong>”. Furthermore, it stated that <strong>by “integrating such initiatives into operational planning, military forces can strengthen their commitment to IHL.”</strong>[6] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW226571433 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Alongside its individual statements, Greece has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. Greece has </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>condemned the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">in numerous joint statements, including as a member of the Human Security Network at both the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict[7] and the 2014 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict.[8] In these statements, the Human Security Network called for all </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">parties to an armed conflict to refrain from using explosive weapons with a wide impact area in populated areas, </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">emphasising</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> that these weapons are indiscriminate within their zones of detonation and therefore pose unacceptable risks to civilians</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW226571433 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW226571433 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">As a member of the European Union (EU), Greece has signed onto numerous joint statements </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, including in 2024 when the EU stated it was ‘deeply concerned by the use and humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas, which has significant civilian impact and should thus be restricted or avoided’[9] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee.[10] At the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>.</strong>[11] The EU, with Greece signing on, has also </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians. Greece also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>.</strong>”[12]</span></span></p>\n</div>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW211562236 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW211562236 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW211562236 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW211562236 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW211562236 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW211562236 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Comments by Greece on the Draft Political Declaration’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 6-9 April 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW211562236 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/Greece.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/Greece.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW211562236 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW211562236 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Young. K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.3’. Reaching Critical Will. 15 October 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW211562236 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No3.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No3.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW211562236 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW211562236 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Greece Statement to the UN General Assembly 78th Session First Committee General Debate’. Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations. 4 October 2023.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW211562236 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/4Oct_Greece.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/4Oct_Greece.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW211562236 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW211562236 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects: Working Paper submitted by Greece’, 14 November 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW211562236 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Greece.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Greece.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW211562236 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW211562236 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘First Committee of 79th UNGA – Thematic discussion IV Conventional Weapons Statement of Greece’ 24 October 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW211562236 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/24Oct_Greece.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/24Oct_Greece.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW211562236 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW211562236 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7019. 19 August 2013. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW211562236 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW211562236 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW211562236 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW211562236 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW211562236 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW211562236 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW211562236 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW211562236 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW211562236 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW211562236 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW211562236 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW211562236 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW211562236 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW211562236 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW211562236 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW211562236 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW211562236 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW211562236 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW211562236 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW211562236 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity Archives. ‘Greece’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW211562236 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/182.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/182.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"125","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"GD","countryName":"Grenada"}}},"region":"Caribbean","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Grenada has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"32","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"GT","countryName":"Guatemala"}}},"region":"Latin_America","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Guatemala </span><span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. During the consultations to develop the Declaration, </span>Guatemala said that the <strong>urbanisation of war and the rapid development of weapons technologies are major causes of harm to civilians in today's armed conflicts, especially when the effects of these weapons are long-range and designed for open battlefields and not for urban areas</strong>. It also expressed concern about the risks of short or long term damage, whether direct or indirect, personal or material, resulting from war in urban contexts, including the destruction of critical infrastructure that prolongs suffering.<span>[1]</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW50846958 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Guatemala has frequently spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, primarily to highlight the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>harms caused to civilians and call for action to better protect civilians as well as greater compliance with international humanitarian law </strong>(IHL). </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>the UN Security Council’s open debates on the protection of civilians in armed conflict in 2024 Guatemala stated that “we must resolutely address one of the greatest threats to civilians in in armed conflict: the use of explosive weapons in densely populated areas or in indiscriminate attacks, which is a clear violation of international humanitarian law and the fundamental principles of humanity, proportionality and distinction.”[2] At the debate in 2023 Guatemala said that “</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>experience has shown us that the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">use of explosive weapons in populated areas causes serious harm to civilians and affects services essential to their survival</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span><strong>,</strong>” and called the attention of all States to their commitment to the application of international humanitarian law in armed conflict,[3] echoing its statement at the 2019 debate. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Guatemala has also raised the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2015,[4] 2022,[5] 2023[6] and 2024[7] when Guatemala again acknowledged the pattern of harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":0,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":0,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":0,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":0,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":0,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW50846958 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the 2013 UN Security Council Debate on Children and Armed Conflict, Guatemala expressed its concern with the use of “explosives of ample coverage in dense population centers or areas where populations converge”[8] and again in 2015 condemned the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, “because this </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">increases the vulnerability of children, resulting in an increased number of deaths and incidents of mutilation, as well as prolonged suffering, destruction and chaos</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.”[9] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW50846958 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Alongside 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, Guatemala participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018, resulting in </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">the <strong>Santiago Communiqué</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">[10]</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> <strong>in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">In 2019, Guatemala joined 71 states to endorse a joint statement on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">devastating and long-lasting <strong>humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[11] In 2018 and 2019, Guatemala joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong> </strong>and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[12] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\"> </p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW37281723 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW37281723 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW37281723 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Consultations – Morning’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW37281723 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6kJVfHdXSc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6kJVfHdXSc</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW37281723 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW37281723 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. P.5. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW37281723 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW37281723 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW37281723 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW37281723 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW37281723 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW37281723 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA70 First Committee Statement Conventional Weapons Debate’. Permanent Mission of Guatemala to the United Nations. 27 October 2015. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW37281723 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/27October_Guatemala.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/27October_Guatemala.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW37281723 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW37281723 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Young, K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.4’. Reaching Critical Will. 22 October 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW37281723 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No4.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No4.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW37281723 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW37281723 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Young, K. 2023. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.21, No.5’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 November 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW37281723 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":0,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":0,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":0,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":0,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW37281723 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW37281723 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>First Committee, 18th plenary meeting - General Assembly, 79th session, 24 October 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW37281723 BCX0\" href=\"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k12/k128f63yp2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k12/k128f63yp2</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":0,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":0,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":0,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":0,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW37281723 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW37281723 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.6917. 12 February 2013. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW37281723 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW37281723 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW37281723 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7466. 18 June 2015. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW37281723 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7466\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7466</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW37281723 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW37281723 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW37281723 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW37281723 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW37281723 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW37281723 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW37281723 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW37281723 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW37281723 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW37281723 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. . </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW37281723 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW37281723 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"126","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"GN","countryName":"Guinea"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Guinea has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Guinea aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[1]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"127","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"GW","countryName":"Guinea Bissau"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Guinea Bissau has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Guinea-Bissau endorsed the joint statement during the 74th United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2019.[1] The statement encouraged states to p<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">articipate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration</strong> on this issue.[2]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Guinea-Bissau aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[3]</span><span></span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>. </span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"33","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"GY","countryName":"Guyana"}}},"region":"Latin_America","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Guyana </span><span>was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span><span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><strong>Statements and positions</strong></h2>\n<p class=\"p6\">Guyana has several times aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. <span>With 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, Guyana participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018, resulting in the <strong>Santiago Communiqué</strong> in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue. </span>This included: <strong>avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; act to<strong> enhance compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law </strong>to ensure the protection of civilians and civilian objects; fully support the process that will lead to the negotiation and adoption of an international political declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas; encourage <strong>collection of data</strong>; promote bilateral and regional cooperation through <strong>sharing experiences, good practices and expertise</strong>; constructively engage in discussions and initiatives at the international level that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; <strong>strengthen cooperation and partnerships with international organisations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.<span>[1]</span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">In 2019, Guyana endorsed the Ireland-led joint statement during the 74th United Nations General Assembly First Committee encouraging states to <strong>participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilian</strong>s, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration on this issue.[2]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Guyana aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations\"[3]. </span></p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\"><span>https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. .</span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. Available from </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</a></span><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Agenda for Humanity. <a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</a>. </li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"128","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"HT","countryName":"Haiti"}}},"region":"Caribbean","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Haiti has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Along with 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, Haiti participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018. The meeting produced the Santiago Communiqué, in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue. This included: <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; act to<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> enhance compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law </strong>to ensure the protection of civilians and civilian objects; fully support the process that will lead to the negotiation and adoption of an international political declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas; encourage <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">collection of data</strong>; promote bilateral and regional cooperation through <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">sharing experiences, good practices and expertise</strong>; constructively engage in discussions and initiatives at the international level that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">strengthen cooperation and partnerships with international organisations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.[1]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\"><span>https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"34","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"VA","countryName":"Holy See"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">The Holy See <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. During the consultations toward a Political Declaration in 2021, the Holy See <strong>welcomed references to women and girls in the Political Declaration</strong>, but indicated that it would like to see references to “gender” deleted in order to focus on impacts of all those affected[1] At the fourth consultation in April 2002, the Holy See <strong>expressed concern regarding the use of the expression “gendered impacts”, noting that it is not an agreed term under international humanitarian law (IHL)</strong>.[2] The Holy See was among many states who <strong>opposed the use of qualifiers</strong> such as “harms which <em>can</em> arise from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas”<span> </span>throughout the text. At the fourth consultation in April 2022, the Holy See proposed to <strong>replace the expression “cultural heritage sites” with a broader reference that includes a specific reference to places of worship</strong>.</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">During the signing ceremony in Dublin in November 2022, the Holy See said that the Declaration “presents an opportunity and an invitation to s<strong>hift from the paradigm of ‘collateral damage’ to one of ‘intended protection’ so as to truly minimize and hopefully avoid loss of human life.</strong>” It also said it looks forward to the implementation of the present Political Declaration, in coordination with other States, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), as well as civil society[3].</p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The Holy See attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW153962783 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration the Holy see spoke during the session on ‘Assisting Conflict-Affected Communities’. It expressed its <strong>continued concern about the use of explosive weapons in conflicts, especially in populated areas.</strong> The Holy See <strong>called for concrete implementation of the Declaration</strong>,<strong> expressing hope that it would “bring about a shift from the paradigm of ‘collateral damage’ to one of ‘intended protection’ of </strong></span><span><strong>the civilian population</strong>, so as to truly minimize, or still better, avoid the loss of innocent lives.” It stated that the “reality on the ground leaves no doubt about the humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, even after the end of hostilities.” Reflecting over the large number of civilian casualties in conflicts, “in spite of internationally agreed legal protections” the Holy See recalled that “<strong>the ‘legal’ limits of war should not be the only criteria of acceptability and th</strong></span><span><strong>at the cumulative effects of the use of explosive weapons should also be taken into account.</strong>”[4]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW153962783 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The Holy See has frequently spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, primarily to</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> <strong>condemn the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and draw attention to the devastating impacts such use has on civilians</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. At the World Humanitarian Summit Roundtable on Upholding the Norms that Safeguard Humanity and the UN Security Council Open Debate on Children and Armed Conflict in 2016, the Holy See </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>condemned the use of explosive weapons in populated areas in the “strongest possible terms.</strong>”</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>[5] In 2022, at UN Security Council open debate on war in cities, the Holy See drew attention to the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><strong>“sign</strong><span><strong>ificant and lasting damage” caused by use of explosive weapons</strong> <strong>in populated areas</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, expressing support for efforts to develop a Political Declaration in which states commit to avoiding the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and noting that efforts to constrain the use of explosive weapons in populated areas </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>should include non-state actors</strong> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>operating in conflict settings.[6] At the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in 2024, the Holy See called for the i</span><span>mplementation of the Political Declaration.[7]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW153962783 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, the Holy See </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>welcomed the Political Declaration and highlighted the importance of its adoption. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>[8] At the same meeting in 2024, said that “as armed conflict spread into densely populated towns and cities, and the use of explosive weapons becomes increasingly indiscriminate, resulting in unacceptable civilian casualties and the destruction of infrastructure vital to the survival of civilians, such as schools, hospitals and places of worship”, the Holy See welcomed the Political Declaration.[9]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW153962783 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In a Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) in November 2012, the Holy See detailed the devastating impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>“<strong>a significant number of victims, major destruction of socio-economic infrastructures, severe psychological trauma and the hindrance of development for many years</strong>.”</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>[10] It noted that </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>“<strong>these results cause hatred and socio-political wounds that are difficult to heal. In the case of internal or international conflicts, they make reconciliation more difficult</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, if not impossible, and they become a contradiction when international operations to restore or maintain peace and to win over the hearts and minds of lo</span><span>cal people are undertaken.” The statement also highlighted the importance of the international community coming together to prevent the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and protect civilians in armed conflicts. At the 2015 CCW MSP Meeting, the Holy See proposed the creation of a Group of Governmental Experts on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.[11] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW1908377 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW1908377 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW1908377 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW1908377 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW1908377 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW1908377 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Intervention by the Holy See Delegation to the consultations on a “Draft Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences arising from the use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas” – Section I’. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">6-8 April 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW1908377 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/Holy-See.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/Holy-See.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW1908377 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW1908377 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Statement of Rev. Msgr. Julien Kaboré, chargé d’affaires </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">a.i.</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">’ </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 18 November 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW1908377 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Holy-See.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Holy-See.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW1908377 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW1908377 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Statement of the Holy See at the International Conference on the follow-up to the “Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences arising from the use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (EWIPA)” 23 April 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW1908377 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Holy_See_Sesion_3_af5079552f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Holy_See_Sesion_3_af5079552f.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW1908377 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW1908377 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7753. 2 August 2016. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW1908377 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7753\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7753</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW1908377 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW1908377 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8953. 25 January 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW1908377 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8953\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8953</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW1908377 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW1908377 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW1908377 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">UN Security Council, S/PV.9632 (Resumption 2), 22 May 2024, p.9, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW1908377 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/142/87/pdf/n2414287.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/142/87/pdf/n2414287.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW1908377 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW1908377 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Young, K. 2023. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.21, No.5’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 November 2023.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW1908377 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW1908377 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW1908377 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Statement by H.E. Archbishop Gabriele Caccia Apostolic Nuncio and Permanent Observer of the Holy See at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons in the First Committee of the 79th Session of the United Nations General Assembly New York, 24 October 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW1908377 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/24Oct_HolySee.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/24Oct_HolySee.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW1908377 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW1908377 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Statement to the CCW MSP’. Permanent Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations. 15 November 2012.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW1908377 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/2012/documents/rc_seg-st_20121115_ccw-ginevra_it.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/2012/documents/rc_seg-st_20121115_ccw-ginevra_it.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW1908377 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW1908377 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW1908377 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Statement of the Holy See to the Meeting of States Parties of the CCW’. Permanent Mission of The Holy See to the United Nations. 12 November 2015.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW1908377 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/12Nov_Holysee.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/12Nov_Holysee.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW1908377 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW1908377 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"129","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"HN","countryName":"Honduras"}}},"region":"Latin_America","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Honduras has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Along with 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, Honduras participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018. The meeting produced the Santiago Communiqué, in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue. This included: <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; act to<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> enhance compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law </strong>to ensure the protection of civilians and civilian objects; fully support the process that will lead to the negotiation and adoption of an international political declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas; encourage <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">collection of data</strong>; promote bilateral and regional cooperation through <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">sharing experiences, good practices and expertise</strong>; constructively engage in discussions and initiatives at the international level that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">strengthen cooperation and partnerships with international organisations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.[1]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Honduras endorsed the joint statement during the 74th United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2019.[2] The statement encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of EWIPA on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international political declaration on this issue.[3]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\"><span>https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></a><span>.</span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"35","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"HU","countryName":"Hungary"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Hungary was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span><span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span></p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Hungary attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\">As a member of the European Union (EU), Hungary has signed onto numerous joint statements <strong>condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</strong>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict[1] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee[2], as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the <strong>indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</strong>.[3] The EU, with Hungary signing on, has also <strong>repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it <span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians.</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Hungary also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>.”[4]</p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></a><span>; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022. </span><a href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Agenda for Humanity Archives. ‘Hungary’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/187.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/187.html</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"36","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"IS","countryName":"Iceland"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Iceland was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. As a member of the Nordic countries, Iceland welcomed the finalized Declaration at the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2022, noting that the Declaration is a positive outcome at a time of increased pressure within the international security environment, as well as a good sign that the international community can still work together towards tangible humanitarian goals.[1]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span><span></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p4\">Iceland has on a number of occasions spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. In a statement during the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2020, Iceland noted <strong>efforts to address explosive weapons in populated areas were “another important stride in the right direction”</strong> and expressed its support.[2] Iceland reiterated this in 2021 during the UN General Assembly First Committee, drawing attention to the progress being made.[3]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Alongside its individual statements, Iceland has repeatedly aligned with other states on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas. In 2018 and 2019, Iceland joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[4]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Iceland has joined several statements made by the Nordic Group including in 2017 to the UN General Assembly First Committee calling on countries to participate in the ongoing discussions on protecting civilians in conflict, and drawing attention to<strong> the indiscriminate use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>.[5] Iceland has also signed onto other joint statements by the Nordic Group that have drawn attention to the <strong>importance of adhering to IHL and avoiding the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, including at the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civ<span>ilians in Armed Conflict in 2012,[6] 2013,[7] 2014, and 2016.[8] In these statements, the Nordic Group highlighted the <strong>use of explosive weapons in populated areas as an issue that requires immediate attention, inc</strong></span><strong>luding robust data collection on its impact and the sharing of policies and practices to prevent the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>. At the UN Security Council Open Debate War in Cities: Protection of Civilians in Urban Settings on 25 January 2022, the Nordic Countries jointly called on <strong>all parties to conflict to prevent civilian harm resulting from use of explosive weapons in populated areas, especially those with wide area effects</strong>.[9] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in 2024, the Nordic Countries highlighted the widespread and reverberating harm caused by the destruction of critical infrastructure, and welcomed initiatives that provide a more nuanced understanding of how patterns and types of harm affect different groups and identified the Political Declaration as a concrete tool to </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">minimise</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> such harm effectively.[10] At the UN General Assembly First Committee debate in 2024, the Nordic Group expressed concern for the increasing use of explosive weapons in populated areas, stating that it “poses great risk to civilians and civilian infrastructure.“ The Group underlined the key role of the Political Declaration herein, and said that “if fully implemented, it can improve the way we conduct military operations and ensure compliance with IHL”, encouraging all states to endorse it.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">[11]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"></span></span></p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Iceland has also aligned with several statements delivered by the European Union (EU) on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas, most recently at the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023 where the EU statement <strong>w</strong><span><strong>elcomed the Political Declaration and highlighted the importance of its adoption</strong>. The EU also highlighted <strong>the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments</strong>, including at the 2024 Oslo Conference.</span><span>[12] In addition, </span>Iceland aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>.”[13]</p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW174935194 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW174935194 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW174935194 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Young, K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.2’. Reaching Critical Will. 8 October 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW174935194 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW174935194 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW174935194 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA75 First Committee General Debate Statement’. Permanent Mission of Iceland to the United Nations. 9 October 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW174935194 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com20/statements/9Oct_Iceland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com20/statements/9Oct_Iceland.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW174935194 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW174935194 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA76 First Committee General Debate Statement’. Permanent Mission of Iceland to the United Nations. 6 October 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW174935194 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com21/statements/6Oct_Iceland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com21/statements/6Oct_Iceland.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW174935194 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW174935194 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW174935194 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. Available from:</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW174935194 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW174935194 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW174935194 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘United Nations General Assembly 72nd Session, First Committee General Debate: Statement by Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden’. 2 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW174935194 BCX0\" href=\"https://front.un-arm.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/statement-by-norway-on-behalf-of-the-nordic-countries-.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://front.un-arm.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/statement-by-norway-on-behalf-of-the-nordic-countries-.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW174935194 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW174935194 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW174935194 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. 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Available from:</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW174935194 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6790(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6790(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW174935194 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW174935194 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. 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Available from:</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW174935194 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW174935194 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW174935194 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">U</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">nited Nations Security Council. S/PV.7606. 19 January 2016. Available from:</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW174935194 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7606</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW174935194 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW174935194 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW174935194 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW174935194 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW174935194 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Nordic Statement October 2024: UNGA 79 First Committee - General Debate,’ </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW174935194 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/7Oct_Nordic.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/7Oct_Nordic.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW174935194 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW174935194 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Nordic Statement October 2024: UNGA 79 First Committee - General Debate,’ </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW174935194 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/7Oct_Nordic.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/7Oct_Nordic.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW174935194 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW174935194 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Statement on Conventional Weapons’. European Union. October 2023.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW174935194 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW174935194 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW174935194 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW174935194 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity Archives. ‘Iceland’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW174935194 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/188.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/188.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"130","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"IN","countryName":"India"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>India </span><span>has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">India attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>At the UN Security Council open debate on war in cities in January 2022, India acknowledged that the<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> use of explosive weapons in populated areas exposes civilians to a high risk of indiscriminate effects</strong>.[1]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022. </span><a href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"37","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"ID","countryName":"Indonesia"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Indonesia <span>was involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. During the consultations, Indonesia emphasised that rather than re-stating International Humanitarian Law (IHL), <strong>the Political Declaration should serve as a reaffirmation of the collective commitment and obligations to fully implement IHL and minimise the humanitarian consequences arising from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>. Indonesia also said that the Political Declaration could serve to concretize the principles set out in IHL and to fill the gaps therein[1].</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Indonesia attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway, in April 2024. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and priorities</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p4\">Indonesia has several times spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. In 2013 it delivered a statement during the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict expressing its <strong>concerns at the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, particularly in densely populated areas and situations in which the nature of conflict becomes asymmetric</strong>.[2] During the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2022, Indonesia acknowledged the need to <strong>address the harm caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>[3] and similarly, during First Committee in 2023, Indonesia <span>acknowledged the <strong>pattern of harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.</span>[4] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the same meeting in 2024, Indonesia stated that immediate action was required to put a stop to the indiscriminate use of and to mitigate the impact from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. [5]</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Alongside its individual statements, Indonesia has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. At the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in May 2022, the Group of Friends on the protection of civilians, of which Indonesia is a member, stressed the importance of respecting IHL and the need to enhance the protection of civilians, and took note of the ongoing consultations led by Ireland.[6] The 2023 debate, the Group noted the adoption of the Political Declaration.[7] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At 2024 debate, it highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that “<strong>the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations.”</strong> To that end, the <strong>Political Declaration was identified as providing “practical tools that ensure that protection is real and effective.”</strong> [8]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p4\">As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Indonesia aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[9]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">In October 2018, Indonesia was one of 50 states to endorse the joint statement on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to <strong>the devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm</strong>.[10] Indonesia also endorsed the joint statement during the 74th United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2019.[11] The statement encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration on this issue.[12]</p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW49662471 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW49662471 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW49662471 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"></span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW49662471 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW49662471 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW49662471 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7019. 19 August 2013. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW49662471 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW49662471 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW49662471 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Young. K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.3’. Reaching Critical Will. 15 October 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW49662471 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No3.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No3.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW49662471 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW49662471 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Young, K. 2023. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.21, No.5’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 November 2023.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW49662471 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW49662471 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW49662471 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 79th Session of the UN General Assembly, 7 October 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW49662471 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/8Oct_Indonesia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/8Oct_Indonesia.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> ; Statement at the First Committee of the 79th Session of the UN General Assembly: Cluster 4: Conventional Weapons, 24 October 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW49662471 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/24Oct_Indonesia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/24Oct_Indonesia.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW49662471 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW49662471 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW49662471 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW49662471 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW49662471 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023.<a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW49662471 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. </span></span></span></li>\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW49662471 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW49662471 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW49662471 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW49662471 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity. ‘</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Organisation</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW49662471 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW49662471 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW49662471 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW49662471 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW49662471 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW49662471 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW49662471 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW49662471 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW49662471 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW49662471 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW49662471 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"132","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"IR","countryName":"Iran"}}},"region":"Middle_East","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Iran has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (explosive weapons in populated areas). </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>It did, however, participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration: during the consultations in 2019 it called for the Declaration to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">consider the use of explosive weapons in populated areas by non-state actors</strong>[1], and in 2020 emphasised that <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">the Declaration should be in line with the UN Charter</strong>. Iran’s interventions also focused heavily on the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">preservation of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), emphasising that the Political Declaration must not weaken IHL by being selective in references or abbreviating or restating it</strong>. Iran said that the<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> use of explosive weapons in populated areas in cities undermines IHL</strong>. It also noted that since not all states are parties to the protocols of the Geneva Conventions, they should not be included in the Political Declaration. Iran argued that the Political Declaration should replace references to the UN Security Council with the UN General Assembly. Iran also called for the Political Declaration to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">reflect the increase by some states in the use of private military and security companies </strong>(PMSCs), noting that this is of grave concern.[2]</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Iran has spoken on the issue of use of explosive weapons in populated areas in individual and group statements at multilateral forums. At the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, Iran </span><span>referenced explosive weapon use by Israeli armed forces in the Occupied Palestinian Territories.</span><span>[3] In October 2018, Iran was one of 50 states to endorse the Ireland-led joint statement on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">calling attention to the devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm</strong>.[4]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Iran aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[5]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘Towards a Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: States Need to Ensure that Expressed Commitments Translate into Real Impacts on the Ground’. Reaching Critical Will. 2019. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-wepons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Young, K. 2023. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.21, No.5’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 November 2023. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf.</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>.</span><span> </span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"131","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"IQ","countryName":"Iraq"}}},"region":"Middle_East","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Iraq has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Iraq has <strong>acknowledged the need to protect civilians from the humanitarian consequences from explosive weapons</strong> <strong>in populated areas as a member of the Arab Group </strong>and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2024, a working paper submitted by the Arab Group drew attention to the Political Declaration, and the importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons i</span><span data-contrast=\"none\">n populated areas.[1]</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Iraq aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[2]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Arab Group, ‘Working Paper: Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon’, 19 November 2024, </span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW121265844 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf</span></a></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"38","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"IE","countryName":"Ireland"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Ireland <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. As the host of the consultations, from 2019 to 2022 Ireland led discussions between states, international organisations, UN agencies, and civil society organisations among other actors. It also acted as pen-holder for the draft the Political Declaration, incorporating the discussions and feedback of these actors[1].</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">In addition to leading the consultations, Ireland participated as a state, including delivering statements emphasising the importance of including robust follow-up processes retaining inclusivity toward and participation of civil society organisations in the Declaration[2] At the signing ceremony, Ireland stressed the relevance of the instrument to current and future conflicts, sending a message about<strong> the imperative of protecting civilians</strong>. Ireland highlighted a few elements of the Declaration, such as the<strong> </strong><span><strong>commitments on data and research, gender sensitive responses, victim assistance, risk education, the collective commitment to review military policies and practices, as well as to restrict and refrain from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong></span>[3].</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In the period since the Political Declaration was first endorsed in 2022, Ireland has championed the Declaration, and in particular universalisation, in its bilateral relationships, through multilateral forums, and by organising regional workshops. At the first international follow-up conference in Oslo in April 2024, </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ireland committed to continue its international leadership working towards the universalisation and implementation of the Political Declaration </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>alongside Norway and Costa Rica. The Troika - representing the past, present and incoming Chairs of the process - stressed the continued severe humanitarian suffering and destruction caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas in multiple ongoing conflicts, and set out concrete recommendations for the way forward. It reaffirmed that efforts to implemen</span><span>t the Declaration at the national level must continue and be reinforced through the development and improvement of policies and practices, including on restricting or refraining from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas when such use is expected to cause harm to civilians or civilian objects. The Troika emphasised the need for states to gain a thorough understanding of direct and indirect effects, obtained through data collection and sharing, and factoring such efforts into the planning and condu</span><span>ct of military and security operations. The Troika also called for states to increase assistance to victims and communities affected by armed conflict.[4]</span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW3794883 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ireland has frequently spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, primarily to</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>raise awareness of </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>the <strong>devastating short and long-term humanitarian consequences of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. At the first international follow-up conference on the implementation of the Political Declaration, Ireland expressed its continued and deep concern about ongoing harm from explosive weapons, including in Gaza and Ukraine, and underlined that the Political Declaration sets out clear, forward-looking actions - including adopting policies and practices - that State</span><span>s should take to protect civilians during and after conflict[5].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW3794883 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ireland has repeatedly spoken against the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN Security Council, including at the open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict in 2017, 2019 and 2024, when Ireland </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">described the Political Declaration as a vital tool through which the protection of civilians can be improved and civilian harm reduced</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>[6]. It stated that the next conference on the Political Declaration, to be held in Costa Rica, would be a critical opportunity to advance this objective, and that “given the critical situations unfolding in the Sudan, Ukraine, Gaza and elsewhere today, the need for urgent action is all too clear.”[7] At the January 2022 open debate on war in cities Ireland said it was det</span><span>ermined to deliver a meaningful Political Declaration that improved the protection of civilians and leads to changes in policy and practice</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>[8] At the UN Security Council Open Debate on Children and Armed Conflict on 5 July 2023, Ireland underscored</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> <strong>the need to refrain from using explosive weapons in populated areas</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> and encouraged all member states to endorse and adhere to the Political Declaration[9].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW3794883 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Similarly, Ireland has repeatedly spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee.[10] During the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2021, Ireland delivered a statement reiterating these devastating humanitarian consequences and noted that it is proud to lead the consultation process for a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.[11] In 2023, Ireland </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>noted, with concern, the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">widespread use of explosive weapons around the world and was proud to welcome the Declaration as a means of addressing its impacts</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. Ireland called for the Declaration’s endorsement by all states that have not yet done so.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>[12] At the same meeting in 2024, Ireland underscored the importance of the Political Declaration, “now more than ever”, and called on all those who had not yet endorsed it without delay.[13] At the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain </span><span>Conventional Weapons (CCW), Ireland underlined that the Political Declaration complements the CCW and its goals through the promotion of IHL and best practices, and expressed concern for the use of explosive weapons in populated areas in ongoing conflicts in Gaza, Ukraine, Lebanon and Sudan[14].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW3794883 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Alongside its individual statements, Ireland has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. In October 2018, Ireland led 50 states to endorse a joint statement on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, <strong>calling attention to the </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.[15] Ireland also led a joint statement during the 74th United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2019.[16] The statement encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international </span><span>Political Declaration on this issue.[17] </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>As a member of the Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, Ireland has supported statements at the UN Security Council stressing the<strong> </strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span><strong>importance of</strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"> respecting IHL and the need to enhance the protection of civilians</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, with the 2024 statement calling on states to make the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations by drawing on existing tools herein, such as the Political Declaration[18]. As a member of the</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Group of Friends of Action on Conflict and Hunger, Ireland <strong>strongly </strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>welcomed the Political Declaration, called on other states to join it,</strong> <strong>and said that the Oslo Conf</strong></span><strong>erence would provide a critical opportunity to make progress in implementing the Declaration</strong></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>[19]. As a member of the Human Security Network, Ireland also signed onto the Network’s a joint statements to the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict in 2013[20] - where it voiced concern over use of explosive weapons in populated areas noting that “</span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">such weapons are indiscriminate within their zones of detonation and therefore pose unacceptable risks to civilians</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>” and </span><span>calling on relevant actors to refrain from such use – and in 2014, where it reiterated this call[21].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW3794883 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>As a member of the European Union (EU), Ireland has signed onto numerous joint statements </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>.</strong> This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict[22] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee[23</span><span>], as</span><span> well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populate</span><span>d areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.[24] The EU, with Ireland signing on, has also </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians. At the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of</span><span> Civilians in Armed Conflict, the EU stated that given the significant impact of the explosive weapons in populated areas its use should be restricted or avoided.[25]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW3794883 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ireland is also one of nine states who joined Joint Commitment 123002 to the World Humanitarian Summit[26] which commits states to engage in </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">raising international awareness about the challenge for the protection of civilians in armed conflict posed by the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; to support the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">collection of data on the direct civilian harm and the reverberating effects</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong> on civilians and civilian objects</strong>; and to </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">contribute to the collection and exchange of information on good practices and lessons learned</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong> </strong>in minimizing impacts on civilians when using such weapons in populated areas. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Implementation of the Political Declaration</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW166501505 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In February 2024, INEW and EWM conducted a state survey into endorser states' national efforts to disseminate and implement the Political Declaration. In the survey, Ireland reported that it had </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>disseminated the Political Declaration</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>nationally</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>to the Irish Ministries for Foreign Affairs, Defence, and Defence Forces</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, and has </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>nominated a national point of contact for the Political Declaration</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> within its Department of Foreign Affairs’ Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Unit[27]. </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW166501505 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ireland stated that it “</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>will review the Declaration towards development and design of a policy on implementation”</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> and further specified that its Defence Forces (DF) “would underpin work towards implementation with extant DF doctrine and training drawing from Peace Support Operations, Protection of Civilian training and Ireland’s IHL [international humanitarian law] commitments which are already in being”[28].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW166501505 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Universalisation efforts have and will continue to be central to Ireland’s work on the Declaration. In the survey, Ireland reported that it “</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>regularly participates in outreach events and workshops to promote international awareness and engagement with the Political Declaration, and to facilitate knowledge exchange on implementation</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>”[29].</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW166501505 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>To view all of Ireland’s responses to the INEW and EWM state survey, and other states’ responses, see the </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW166501505 BCX0\" href=\"https://explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/reports/1/explosive-weapons-monitor-2023/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Explosive Weapons Monitor 2023</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, Chapter III on Universalisation and Implementation of the Political Declaration. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs (2021). ‘Protecting Civilians in Warfare’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/our-role-policies/international-priorities/peace-and-security/ewipa-consultations/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/our-role-policies/international-priorities/peace-and-security/ewipa-consultations</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated </span><span>areas’</span><span>. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span></span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Morning Session.’</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span></span><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>First international follow-up conference to the adoption of the Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences Arising from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (EWIPA Declaration): Outcome statement and recommendations for the way forward. Issued by Costa Rica, Ireland and Norway. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/EWIPA_Troika_Outcome_Statement_8cc0c54c94.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/EWIPA_Troika_Outcome_Statement_8cc0c54c94.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Opening Remarks by Ambassador White at the International Follow-up Conference of the Political Declaration in Oslo. 23 April 2024. Available from: </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/H_E_Noel_White_Opening_Session_3a28861ef2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/H_E_Noel_White_Opening_Session_3a28861ef2.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7951. 25 May 2017. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7951\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7951</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8534. 23 May 2019.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1) 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>UNSC Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.ireland.ie/en/un/newyork/news-and-speeches/security-council-statements/unsc-open-debate-on-the-protection-of-civilians-in-armed-conflict/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.ireland.ie/en/un/newyork/news-and-speeches/security-council-statements/unsc-open-debate-on-the-protection-of-civilians-in-armed-conflict/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9366. 5 July 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9366(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9366(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>See, for example, </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘UNGA71 First Committee General Debate Statement.’ Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 7 October 2016.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/7Oct_Ireland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/7Oct_Ireland.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘UNGA72 First Committee General Debate Statement.’ Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 9 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/9Oct_Ireland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/9Oct_Ireland.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘UNGA73 First Committee General Debate Statement.’ Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 10 October 2018.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/10Oct_Ireland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/10Oct_Ireland.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘Meeting of High Contracting Parties of the CCW General Debate Statement’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations, 21 November 2018.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Ireland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Ireland.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘UNGA75 First Committee Statement’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations 7 October 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com21/statements/7Oct_Ireland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com21/statements/7Oct_Ireland.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com21/statements/7Oct_Ireland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>f</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Young, K. 2023. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.21, No.5’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 November 2023.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ireland UNGA79 First Committee General Debate, 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/9Oct_Ireland_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/9Oct_Ireland_.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Reaching Critical Will, ‘Civil society perspectives on the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons 13-15 November 2024’ 21 November 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/reports/CCWR12.4.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/reports/CCWR12.4.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>f</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"17\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"18\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. At the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict on 23 May 2023, the Group noted the adoption of the Political Declaration: United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; ‘SC: Joint statement on the Protection of Civilians’, 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.norway.no/en/missions/un/statements/security-council/sc-2024/sc-statement-on-behalf-of-the-group-of-friends-of-protection-of-civilians/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.norway.no/en/missions/un/statements/security-council/sc-2024/sc-statement-on-behalf-of-the-group-of-friends-of-protection-of-civilians/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"19\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"19\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>UN Security Council (2023). ‘Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict Meeting Transcript’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"20\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"20\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7019. 19 August 2013. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"21\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"21\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"22\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"22\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>;‘EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"23\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"23\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"24\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"24\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"25\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"25\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"26\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"26\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ireland’s Commitments to the World Humanitarian Summit. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/204.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/204.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"27\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"27\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ireland’s response to INEW’s State Survey on the Implementation of the Political Declaration, April 2024. Available in the ‘Explosive Weapons Monitor 2023’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW100580299 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/2023</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"28\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"28\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW100580299 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"29\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW100580299 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"29\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW100580299 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"133","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"IL","countryName":"Israel"}}},"region":"Middle_East","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Israel has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did, however, participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. Early in the consultation process, Israel argued that calls on parties to armed conflict “to avoid the use of explosive weapons are counterproductive and unreasonable as far as law abiding states are concerned.” It also noted that law-abiding states are forced to conduct military operations in urban settings,[1] and suggested that the Political Declaration should focus on the protection of civilians in urban warfare (replacing references to explosive weapons in populated areas throughout the text with “urban warfare”).[2] Israel also said that <strong>International Humanitarian Law (IHL)</strong> is a sufficient framework to protect civilians in urban warfare and urged the declaration to acknowledge the “lawful” use of weapons, including explosive weapons, in populated areas.[3]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As consultations progressed, Israel expressed support for the addition of qualifiers throughout the text and reiterated its positions that the Declaration should only address “indiscriminate use” of explosive weapons.[4] It repeatedly objected to the phrase “reverberating effects”, suggesting “expected risks” as a replacement, and noted its position that the idea that international human rights law is applicable during armed conflict is “controversial”.[5] Israel also said that the draft did not properly reflect the reality of <strong>non-state armed group</strong>s that make use of human shields and other tactics.[6] At the final consultation in June 2022, Israel reiterated many of these remarks. It also added that states have different obligations under international law regarding <strong>assistance to victims</strong> affected by armed conflict, and that this issue is also subject to specific regulation in national laws and policies that diverge between states.[7]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\">\n<p><span>‘Towards a Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: States Need to Ensure that Expressed Commitments Translate into Real Impacts on the Ground’. Reaching Critical Will. 2019. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-wepons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground.</span></a><span></span></p>\n</li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\">\n<p><span>Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration.</span></a><span></span></p>\n</li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"color: #2c3236; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\">\n<p><span>Ibid.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\">\n<p><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Ibid. </span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\">\n<p><span></span><span></span><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. </span><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg.</span></a><span></span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"6\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\">\n<p><span>‘</span><span>Statement by Mrs. Michal Maayan, Minister-Counsellor’. Permanent Mission of Israel to the United Nations. 17 June 2022. </span><a href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/writtensubmissions-17june2022consultations/Israel.pdf\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/writtensubmissions-17june2022consultations/Israel.pdf.</span></a></p>\n<span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"84","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"IT","countryName":"Italy"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Italy </span><span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span> <span>Italy regularly delivered statements throughout the consultations towards a Political Declaration[1], as well as raising concerns around explosive weapons in populated areas and expressing support for a Political Declaration in other multilateral forums.Early in the consultation process Italy highlighted the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">importance of developing and sharing military policies and good practices</strong> – in military doctrines, tactical instructions, rules of engagement, the testing and development of new weapons, education, and other measures—to enhance protection of civilians and <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL).</strong>[2] Italy also emphasised that International Humanitarian Law (IHL) provides a sufficient framework with which to address the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, but that the challenge lies in implementing IHL in the dynamics of current conflicts, particularly as this relates to the principles of distinction, necessity, proportionality, and precaution.[3] </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>These were repeated themes throughout Italy’s statements to the negotiations during which Italy also called for the<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> inclusion of the destruction of “cultural heritage”</strong> within the declaration as one of the harms caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It also welcomed the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">inclusion of gender dimensions of harm</strong>, supported the s<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">trengthening of the victim assistance provision</strong>, and called for an <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">open, transparent, and inclusive follow-up process</strong> for the Political Declaration.[4] </span>During the signing ceremony of the declaration in Dublin in November 2022, Italy said that the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">implementation of the declaration should reflect a wider notion of protection of civilians, one that is not limited to direct and immediate effects from the use of explosive weapons, but that takes into consideration the damages in medium to long term</strong> that compromises life, education and development.[5]</p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Italy attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">At the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration Italy expressed <strong>concern for ongoing use of explosive weapons</strong> in Gaza and Ukraine, <strong>underlined the importance of data collection on direct and indirect effects</strong>, and the <strong>need for special attention to be given to vulnerable groups</strong>, women, children and journalists. Italy emphasised the need to destroy and remove explosive remnants of war and assist victims, stating that it provides gender-sensitive aid and risk education. Italy encouraged all non-endorsing states to adhere to the Political Declaration.[6]</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Italy has frequently spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. <span data-contrast=\"none\">At the UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, Italy stated that the <strong>“impact of conflicts on civilians is particularly acute when fighting occurs in populated areas and involves the use of explosive weapons</strong>. <strong>Attacks on critical infrastructure,</strong> such as schools, hospitals and homes have <strong>heightened the risks for civilians.”</strong>[7] </span></span><span>Italy condemned the use of explosive weapons in populated areas in a statement at the 2018 Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW). In the statement, Italy expressed its concern at the grave humanitarian impacts of explosive weapons in populated areas. It also voiced its support for discussions on explosive weapons in populated areas within the auspices of the CCW and called for the continuation of these discussions to facilitate the sharing of military practices and measures to reduce the humanitarian impacts of explosive weapons in populated areas.[8]</span> At the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2022, Italy welcomed the conclusion of the negotiations on the Political Declaration[9] and in 2023 welcomed its adoption,[10] <span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">and in 2024 highlighted the importance of the Declaration and international follow-up meetings.[11]</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Alongside its individual statements, Italy has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. As a member of the European Union (EU), Italy has signed onto numerous joint statements <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</strong>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict[12] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee[13], as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</strong>.[14] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, the EU also stated that <strong>given the significant impact of the explosive weapons in populated areas its use should be restricted or avoided.</strong>[15]</span></span></span><span> The EU, with Italy signing on, has also <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it </span><span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span><span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians. <span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2024, the EU said it “</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">recognised</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> the challenges associated with the use of explosive weapons and munitions in densely populated areas and their potential impact on civilians and call on all parties to conflict to fully comply with International Humanitarian Law.”[16]</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Italy also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>.” [17]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\">As a member of the Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, Italy has supported statements at the UN Security Council stressing the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">importance of<span> respecting IHL and the need to enhance the protection of civilians from the effects of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></strong><span>[18]. <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the same meeting in 2024, the Group highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that “the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations.”[19] To that end, the Political Declaration was identified as providing “practical tools that ensure that protection is real and effective.”[20] At the 2022 open debate </span></span></span><span>the</span><span> </span><span>Group of Friends of Action on Conflict and Hunger, strongly <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">welcomed the Political Declaration, called on other states to join it, and said that the Oslo Conference will provide a critical opportunity to make progress in implementing the Declaration</strong>.[21] In 2018 and 2019, Italy joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm[22]. </span></p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Reaching Critical Will. ‘Statements – Political Declaration Process’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/disarmament-fora/ewipa/political-declaration/statements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/disarmament-fora/explosive weapons in populated areas/political-declaration/statements</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Reaching Critical Will (2019). ‘Towards a Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: States Need to Ensure that Expressed Commitments Translate into Real Impacts on the Ground’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Permanent Mission of Italy to the United Nations (2019). ‘Written Submission’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Italy-Written-Submission-18-November-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Italy-Written-Submission-18-November-2019.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ray Acheson, Reaching Critical Will (2021). ‘Report on the March 2021 Consultations on a Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Foreign Ministry (2022). ‘Watch Back -Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Morning Session’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Reaching Critical Will notes at the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway, April 2024. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). P.24. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Permanent Mission of Italy to the United Nations (2018). ‘Statement to the 2018 Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://italiarappginevra.esteri.it/rappginevra/resource/doc/2018/12/2018_statement_ita_ccw_hcp_emerging_issues.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://italiarappginevra.esteri.it/rappginevra/resource/doc/2018/12/2018_statement_ita_ccw_hcp_emerging_issues.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Katherine Young (2022). ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.4’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No4.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No4.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Italy (2023.) ‘First Committee of the 78 </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">th</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> UN General Assembly Cluster IV - Conventional Weapons’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_Italy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_Italy.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Camilla Molyneux (2024) ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol. 22, No.5’ </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM24/FCM-2024-No5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM24/FCM-2024-No5.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">International Network on Explosive Weapons, ‘European Union: Group Statements’, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/states/european-union/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/states/european-union/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"17\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity Archives. ‘Italy’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/207.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/207.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"18\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"19\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"19\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. h</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"20\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"20\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"21\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"21\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW28953277 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"22\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW28953277 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"22\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW28953277 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW28953277 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"134","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"JM","countryName":"Jamaica"}}},"region":"Caribbean","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Jamaica has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Along with 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, Jamaica participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018. The meeting produced the Santiago Communiqué, in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue. This included: <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; act to<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> enhance compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law </strong>to ensure the protection of civilians and civilian objects; fully support the process that will lead to the negotiation and adoption of an international political declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas; encourage <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">collection of data</strong>; promote bilateral and regional cooperation through <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">sharing experiences, good practices and expertise</strong>; constructively engage in discussions and initiatives at the international level that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">strengthen cooperation and partnerships with international organisations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.[1]</span><span></span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\"><span>https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"39","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"JP","countryName":"Japan"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Japan <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. During the consultations Japan expressed its concern with the <strong>indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in densely populated areas and said the reverberating effects of use of explosive weapons in populated areas are detrimental from a humanitarian perspective</strong>.[1] Japan also repeatedly referenced the importance of International Humanitarian Law (IHL); arguing that what was needed is <strong>full implementation of existing IHL and the compliance of non-state actors</strong>.[2] Japan also argued that explosive weapons can be used in full compliance with international and national laws and regulations, and that care must be taken to<strong> avoid stigmatising explosive weapons</strong>, so long as they are used in compliance with international norms.[3]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">During the final consultation in June 2022, Japan reaffirmed the need for compliance with IHL in order to strengthen the protection of civilians in armed conflict. It said that the final draft was well balanced by pointing out that use of explosive weapons is not itself subject to prohibition, while confirming the obligation under IHL and stating the importance of compliance with such obligations.<span>[4</span>] At the signing ceremony of the Declaration in November 2022 in Dublin, Japan said that the Declaration will <strong>promote practical and realistic measures to protect civilians</strong>. Japan also said that together with other states, international organisations, and civil society, it will continue to contribute to international efforts to mitigate harm to civilians[5].</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Japan attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration <strong>Japan stated that the Political Declaration “is about reconfirming the principles of IHL and to promote practical and concrete measures on those principles</strong> for the protection of civilians in armed conflict.” It called on all to act in compliance with international humanitarian law “through the implementation of the Political Declaration, ensuring humanitarian assistance, </span><span>and providing international assistance after conflict.”[6]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Japan has several times spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. In 2014, Japan <strong>condemned the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> during the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, calling on the Security Council to address the use of explosive weapons in populated areas by seriously taking into account testimony from affected areas.[7] Japan delivered a similar statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, expressing its concern at the<strong> grave humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.[8]</p>\n<p class=\"p7\"><span>Alongside its individual statements, Japan has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. In recent years, </span>as a member of the Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, Japan has supported statements at the UN Security Council stressing the <strong>importance of</strong><span><strong> respecting IHL and the need to enhance the protection of civilians</strong></span><span>[9]. </span>At the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians on 25 May 2022, the Group of Friends of the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict (of which Japan is a member) stressed the importance of respecting IHL and the need to <strong>enhance the protection of civilians, including from the humanitarian impacts that could arise when explosive weapons are used in populated areas</strong>. It also took note of the ongoing consultations led by Ireland.[10<span>] The Group has also positively noted the adoption of the Political Declaration.[11] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the same debate in 2024, the Group highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that “the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations.” To that end, the Political Declaration was identified as providing “practical tools that ensure that protection is real and effective.”[12] </span></span></span><span>At the 2022 UN Security Council Open Debate on war in cities, the Group of Friends called on states to enhance the protection of civilians, including from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and took note of the ongoing consultations to develop a Political Declaration on this subject.[13] </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Implementation of the Political Declaration</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW199325680 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">In February 2024, INEW and EWM conducted a state survey into endorser states' national efforts to disseminate and implement the Political Declaration. In the survey, Japan reported that it had </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">disseminated the Political Declaration. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Japan reported that the Conventional Arms Division, of the Disarmament, Non-Proliferation and Science Department within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the agency responsible for the Political Declaration. However, it has not</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> designated a point person responsible for the implementation of the Declaration[14].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW199325680 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">To a question about whether the government or its armed forces had conducted briefings, workshops or trainings on the content of the Declaration and plans for its domestic implementation, Japan responded in the affirmative. Expanding on this, Japan stated that it “provides education at Officer Candidate School, Command and Staff College, technical schools and Japan Self - Defense Force units regarding various activities in compliance with the International Humanitarian Law during PKOs and emergency response”[15].</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW199325680 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Japan stated that it “does not believe that there is a need to review existing laws and regulations to meet the commitments under the Declaration”. It stated that it has taken “appropriate measures to protect civilians in armed conflict, including the development of laws and regulations as well as conducting training to ensure the prompt evacuation of residents well in advance of an armed attack, and there has been no change to the Government of Japan's stance that it will comply with existing international humanitarian law during an armed conflict.” Upon a question to cite specific policies, practices, laws or doctrines that the government had determined could help implement the Declaration, Japan identified its Civil Protection Law, which was enforced in 2004 and “stipulates civilian protection, although this is not limited to explosive weapons in populated areas and was not enacted in response to the Political Declaration\"[16].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW199325680 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">To view all of Japan’s responses to the INEW and EWM state survey, and other states’ responses, see the </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW199325680 BCX0\" href=\"https://explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/reports/1/explosive-weapons-monitor-2023/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Explosive Weapons Monitor 2023</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, Chapter III on </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Universalisation</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> and Implementation of the Political Declaration. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW194216351 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW194216351 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW194216351 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW194216351 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW194216351 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW194216351 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW194216351 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW194216351 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW194216351 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW194216351 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW194216351 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Consultations – Morning’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW194216351 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6kJVfHdXSc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6kJVfHdXSc</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW194216351 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW194216351 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Statement of Yoshikawa Yuumi, Parliamentary Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan’. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> 18 November 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW194216351 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Japan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Japan.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW194216351 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW194216351 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Statement delivered by Mr. Shigeru UMETSU Minister-Counsellor, Deputy Permanent Representative Delegation of Japan to the Conference on Disarmament 1st international follow-up conference to the EWIPA Political Declaration’ 23 April 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW194216351 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Japan_Session_3_e5b0e1de39.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Japan_Session_3_e5b0e1de39.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW194216351 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW194216351 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW194216351 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW194216351 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW194216351 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.6790. 25 June 2012. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW194216351 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6790(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6790(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW194216351 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW194216351 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW194216351 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW194216351 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW194216351 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW194216351 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW194216351 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW194216351 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW194216351 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW194216351 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW194216351 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. h</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW194216351 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW194216351 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW194216351 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW194216351 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilian</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW194216351 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">s</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW194216351 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW194216351 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Japan’s response to the International Network on Explosive Weapons and the Explosive Weapons Monitor’s State Survey, March 2024.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW194216351 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW194216351 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW194216351 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW194216351 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW194216351 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"85","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"JO","countryName":"Jordan"}}},"region":"Middle_East","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Jordan has endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Jordan has on several occasions spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, both in its individual state capacity and in aligned group statements. At the February 2014 UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians Jordan <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">condemned the use of EWIPA, noting that it demonstrates the failure of the international community to protect civilians</strong>. This, it said, must be tackled in an effective and resolute manner.[1] During the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, Jordan </span><span>referenced explosive weapon use by Israeli armed forces in the Occupied Palestinian Territories.</span><span>[2]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Jordan has also condemned the use of EWIPA as a member of the Human Security Network at both the August 2013 Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians[3] and the 2014 Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians.[4] In these statements, the Human Security Network<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> called for all parties to an armed conflict to refrain from using explosive weapons with a wide impact area in populated areas, emphasising that these weapons are indiscriminate within their zones of detonation and therefore pose unacceptable risks to civilians</strong>.</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Jordan aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[5] <span data-contrast=\"none\">At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in <strong>2024</strong>, a working paper submitted by the <strong>Arab Group</strong>, of which Jordan is a member, </span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">drew attention to the Political Declaration, and the importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">.[6]</span></span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109.</span></a><br><br><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span> </span><span>Young, K. 2023. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.21, No.5’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 November 2023. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf.</span></a><br><br></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7019. 19 August 2013. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019.</span></a><br><br><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014. </span><span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109</a><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\">.</a></span><span></span><span><br></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</a></span><span>. </span><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW153078268 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW153078268 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The Arab States, ‘Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon*’, Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>19 November 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW153078268 BCX0\" href=\"https://docs-library.unoda.org/Convention_on_Certain_Conventional_Weapons_-Meeting_of_High_Contracting_Parties_(2023)/CCW-MSP-2023-WP.6.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://docs-library.unoda.org/Convention_on_Certain_Conventional_Weapons_-Meeting_of_High_Contracting_Parties_(2023)/CCW-MSP-2023-WP.6.pdf</span></span></a><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\"> </span></p>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"135","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"KZ","countryName":"Kazakhstan"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Kazakhstan has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Kazakhstan attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Kazakhstan has delivered statements in multilateral forums on explosive weapons in populated areas both as an individual state and as an aligned group member. At the May 2017 UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict Kazakhstan noted that “about <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">75 per cent of all war victims are civilians, due to hostilities and the excessive use of explosives in urban areas” and emphasising the grave humanitarian impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.[1]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Kazakhstan aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[2] </span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7951. 25 May 2017. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7951\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7951.</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>. </span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"40","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"KE","countryName":"Kenya"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Kenya </span><span>was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span><span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\">In 2017, Kenya endorsed the communiqué arising from the Maputo Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas[1]. The Maputo Communiqué discussed the harms of explosive weapons in populated areas, the role of African states in working against it, and the need to create a Political Declaration on the matter. The 19 African states present agreed to work independently and cooperatively to, <em>inter alia</em>: a<strong>void the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; encourage <strong>collection of data and information</strong>; fully <strong>support the process towards adoption of an international Political Declaration</strong>; promote <strong>bilateral and regional cooperation through sharing experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm</strong> caused by explosive weapons to civilians; constructively <strong>engage in discussions and initiatives at international level</strong> that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; foster deeper and further <strong>engagement from African States</strong>; and strengthen <strong>cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.</p>","references":"<ol>\n<li>'Communiqué from Maputo Regional Conference on the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 28 November 2017. <a href=\"https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/</span></a>.</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"41","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"KI","countryName":"Kiribati"}}},"region":"Pacific","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Kiribati was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span><span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. </span><span>During the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, Kiribati </span><span>encouraged other states to also endorse.</span><span>[1]</span></p>","references":"<ol>\n<li>Young, K. 2023. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.21, No.3’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 October 2023. <a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No3.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No3.pdf</span></a><span>. </span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"199","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"XK","countryName":"Kosovo"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Kosovo has endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA) in 2024. It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span></span></p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Kosovo attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </span></span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"42","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"KW","countryName":"Kuwait"}}},"region":"Middle_East","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Kuwait </span><span>was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span><span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.<strong> </strong>At the signing ceremony of the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022, Kuwait stressed the<strong> importance</strong></span><strong> of the political action</strong> to help bring about peace in the world, and said that the declaration is an important contribution to international instruments to protect civilians. Kuwait called on states to <strong>implement the declaration and set up review mechanisms</strong>.<span>[1]</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\">In its individual statements, Kuwait <span>referenced explosive weapon use by Israeli armed forces in the Occupied Palestinian Territories</span> during the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023.[2]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Kuwait has, as part of the Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, delivered statements on explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN Security Council open debates on the protection of civilians. At the January 2022 open debate on war in cities the Group of Friends called on states to <strong>enhance the protection of civilians, including from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas,</strong> and took note of the ongoing consultations to develop a Political Declaration on this issue.[3] The Group made similar remarks at the <span>UN Security Council open debate in protection of civilians in May 2022</span> [4], and in May 2023 the Group noted the Political Declaration.[5] <span data-contrast=\"none\">In 2024, the Group </span><span data-contrast=\"none\">highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that <strong>“the e</strong><strong>ffective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations</strong></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><strong>.” </strong>To that end, the </span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Political Declaration was identified as providing “practical tools that ensure that protection is real and effective.</span><span data-contrast=\"none\">”[6] </span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW56750241 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2024, a working paper submitted by the <strong>Arab Group</strong>, of which Kuwait is a member, </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">drew attention to the Political Declaration, and the importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.[7]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW256400810 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW256400810 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW256400810 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW256400810 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> ‘Watch back. Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Afternoon Session’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW256400810 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW256400810 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW256400810 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW256400810 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW256400810 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Young, K. 2023. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.21, No.5’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 November 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW256400810 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW256400810 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW256400810 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW256400810 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW256400810 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW256400810 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW256400810 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW256400810 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW256400810 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW256400810 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW256400810 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW256400810 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW256400810 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW256400810 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW256400810 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW256400810 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW256400810 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW256400810 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW256400810 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW256400810 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW256400810 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW256400810 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW256400810 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW256400810 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW256400810 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Arab Group, ‘Working Paper: Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon’, 19 November 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW256400810 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"136","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"KG","countryName":"Kyrgyzstan"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Kyrgyzstan has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Statements and positions</span></h2>\n<p><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Kyrgyzstan aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations”[1]. </span></p>","references":"<p>1. Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Agenda for Humanity. <a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</a>. </p>"}},{"id":"82","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"LA","countryName":"Laos"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":true,"content":"<p dir=\"ltr\"><span>Laos </span><span>was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span><span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span><span> </span></p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Lao PDR<strong> attended the first international follow-up conference </strong>on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </span></span></span></p>\n<h2><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW29308061 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the <strong>first international follow-up conference </strong>on the Political Declaration in Oslo Lao PDR <strong>shared its experience as one of the most heavily bombed nations per capita in the world</strong>, where <strong>explosive remnants of war continue to pose a daily threat to people and socioeconomic developmen</strong>t. It spoke about the work to rebuild the country, civilian casualties caused by explosive remnants of war many years after the end of the war as people “attempted to make a living through everyday activities, like working in a rice field or children playing.” Lao PDR also spoke about the importance of mine action and victim assistance to support community development. The country stated it was <strong>crucial for states to work together, </strong></span><strong><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">mobilise</span></strong><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong> political will, resources, capabilities, share knowledge on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas and to provide mutual support on, and assistance to, affected people</strong>[1].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW29308061 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">During the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, Lao PDR </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">acknowledged the pattern of harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">[2]. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>","references":"<ol>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Reaching Critical Will, ‘notes on the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway’, April 2024.</span></span></li>\n<li>Young, K. 2023. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.21, No.5’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 November 2023. <a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf</a>.</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"137","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"LV","countryName":"Latvia"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Latvia has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span> As a member of the European Union (EU), Latvia has signed onto numerous joint statements <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</strong>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict [1] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee[2], as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</strong>.[3] At the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on Protection of Civilians, the EU expressed that given the significant impact of the explosive weapons in populated areas its use should be restricted or avoided.[4] </span><span>The EU, with Latvia signing on, has also <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it </span><span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span><span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians.</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Latvia also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>.”[5]</span></p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW95011542 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW95011542 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW95011542 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW95011542 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW95011542 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW95011542 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW95011542 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW95011542 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW95011542 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW95011542 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW95011542 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW95011542 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW95011542 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW95011542 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW95011542 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW95011542 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW95011542 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW95011542 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW95011542 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW95011542 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW95011542 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW95011542 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW95011542 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW95011542 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW95011542 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW95011542 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW95011542 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW95011542 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Agenda for Humanity Archives. ‘Latvia’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW95011542 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/211.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/211.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"138","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"LB","countryName":"Lebanon"}}},"region":"Middle_East","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Lebanon has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{"ObjectId":"f22d44a4-9c77-4070-98ca-1eff339fd90d|21","ClassId":1073872969,"Properties":[469775450,"Standard",201340122,"2",134233614,"true",469778129,"Standard",335572020,"1",335559740,"276",201341983,"0",469777841,"Arial",469777842,"Arial",469777843,"Arial",469777844,"Arial",469769226,"Arial",268442635,"22"]}\">At the United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2024, Lebanon’s statement drew attention to Israel’s use of and harm from the explosive weapons in populated areas in Lebanon. </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\">[1]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335557856":16777215,"335559740":276}\"> </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335557856":16777215,"335559740":276}\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{"ObjectId":"f22d44a4-9c77-4070-98ca-1eff339fd90d|21","ClassId":1073872969,"Properties":[469775450,"Standard",201340122,"2",134233614,"true",469778129,"Standard",335572020,"1",335559740,"276",201341983,"0",469777841,"Arial",469777842,"Arial",469777843,"Arial",469777844,"Arial",469769226,"Arial",268442635,"22"]}\">Lebanon has </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\">acknowledged the need to protect civilians from the humanitarian consequences from explosive weapons in populated areas as a member of the Arab Group.</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\"> At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2024, a working paper submitted by the Group </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\">drew attention to the Political Declaration</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><strong><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\">, and the importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populat</span></strong><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\"><strong>ed areas</strong>.[2]</span></span> </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Lebanon aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[3]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Lebanon also endorsed the Ireland-led joint statement on the use of EWIPA during the 74th United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2019.[4] The statement encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of EWIPA on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international political declaration on this issue.[5]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{"ObjectId":"f22d44a4-9c77-4070-98ca-1eff339fd90d|21","ClassId":1073872969,"Properties":[469775450,"Standard",201340122,"2",134233614,"true",469778129,"Standard",335572020,"1",335559740,"276",201341983,"0",469777841,"Arial",469777842,"Arial",469777843,"Arial",469777844,"Arial",469769226,"Arial",268442635,"22"]}\">بيان لبنان </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\">خالل</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\"> جلسة النقاش الموضوعي حول تدابير نزع السالح </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\">األخرى</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\"> للجنة </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\">األولى</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\"> يلقيه السيد محمد علي </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\">الجردلي</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\">, [Lebanon’s statement during the substantive discussion session on other disarmament measures of the First Committee delivered by Mr. Muhammad Ali Al-Jardali], 25 October 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW27061100 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/25Oct_Lebanon.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/25Oct_Lebanon.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\"> [Translated to English on google translate]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559685":1080,"335559740":276}\"> </span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{"ObjectId":"f22d44a4-9c77-4070-98ca-1eff339fd90d|21","ClassId":1073872969,"Properties":[469775450,"Standard",201340122,"2",134233614,"true",469778129,"Standard",335572020,"1",335559740,"276",201341983,"0",469777841,"Arial",469777842,"Arial",469777843,"Arial",469777844,"Arial",469769226,"Arial",268442635,"22"]}\">Arab Group, ‘Working Paper: Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon’, 19 November 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW113384537 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Standard\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559685":1080,"335559740":276}\"> </span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. Available from: </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. Available from </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"196","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"LS","countryName":"Lesotho"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Lesotho has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. However, it has expressed support for the Political Declaration<a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn1;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1].<!--[endif]--></a></span></p>\n<h2><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>In October 2019, Lesotho attended a Conference on the Protection of Civilians in Urban Warfare in Vienna, Switzerland. During the conference, Lesotho expressed support for the Political Declaration for the first time. At the conference, Lesotho urged states present to call for a “conceptual shift away from just protecting civilians to completely doing away with war.”<a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn2;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]</a></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn2;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\"><!--[endif]--></a></span><span>Lesotho has aligned with other states to deliver statements that have mentioned the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas. At the 2021 meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW), the African Group, of which the Lesotho is a member, reiterated its deep concern for the continued threats posed by landmines, explosive remnants of war, and Improvised Explosive Devices, “including the devastating consequences they have on civilians, post-conflict reconstruction, integration efforts and socio-economic development”, set out in a communique from the Peace and Security Council of the African Union.<a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn3;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[3]</a></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn3;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\"><!--[endif]--></a></span><span>At the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, the Non-Aligned Movement, of which Lesotho is a member, condemned the indiscriminate shelling and bombing of Palestinian civilian areas.<a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn4;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[4]<!--[endif]--></a> </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>In 2019, Lesotho was one of 71 states that delivered a joint statement to the 74th United Nations General Assembly, calling for action on the impact of explosive weapons. The statement encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration on this issue.<a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn5;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[5]<!--[endif]--></a></span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0in;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"color: #2c3136; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘States commit to take political action on explosive weapons at Vienna conference.’ Reaching Critical Will, 2019. <a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14061-states-commit-to-take-political-action-on-explosive-weapons-at-vienna-conference\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14061-states-commit-to-take-political-action-on-explosive-weapons-at-vienna-conference</a> </span><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"color: #2c3136; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Ibid. </span><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"color: #2c3236; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Sixth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects Geneva, 13-17 December 2021, African Group, 13 December 2021, </span><span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2021/RevCon/statements/14Dec_AfricanGroup.pdf\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2021/RevCon/statements/14Dec_AfricanGroup.pdf</a></span><span>; Communiqué of the 1032rd meeting of the PSC held on 16 September 2021 on the Continental and Regional Activities in the Area of Mine Action, </span><span>Peace and Security Council of the African Union, 1 October 2021, </span><span><a href=\"https://www.peaceau.org/en/article/communique-of-the-1032rd-meeting-of-the-psc-held-on-16-september-2021-on-the-continental-and-regional-activities-in-the-area-of-mine-action\">https://www.peaceau.org/en/article/communique-of-the-1032rd-meeting-of-the-psc-held-on-16-september-2021-on-the-continental-and-regional-activities-in-the-area-of-mine-action</a></span><span> </span><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"color: #2c3236; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Statement by Delegation of the Republic of Indonesia on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, First Committee 78th Session United Nations General Assembly, October 2023. </span><span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/17Oct_NAM.pdf\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/17Oct_NAM.pdf</a></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"color: #2c3236; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\">‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019.<span> <a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</a></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"44","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"LR","countryName":"Liberia"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Liberia was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span><span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilian in Armed Conflict, Liberia expressed concern for the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, stating that this “highlight[s] the fact that much remains to be done to ensure compliance with international law and effectively safeguard civilians.”[1]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">In 2017, Liberia endorsed the communiqué arising from the Maputo Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas[2]. The Maputo Communiqué discussed the harms of explosive weapons in populated areas, the role of African states in working against it, and the need to create a Political Declaration on the matter. The 19 African states present agreed to work independently and cooperatively to, <em>inter alia</em>: a<strong>void the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; encourage <strong>collection of data and information</strong>; fully <strong>support the process towards adoption of an international Political Declaration</strong>; promote <strong>bilateral and regional cooperation through sharing experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm</strong> caused by explosive weapons to civilians; constructively <strong>engage in discussions and initiatives at international level</strong> that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; foster deeper and further <strong>engagement from African States</strong>; and strengthen <strong>cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.[3]</p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW151481072 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW151481072 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW151481072 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW151481072 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council, S/PV.9632 (Resumption 2), 22 May 2024, p.18. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW151481072 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/142/87/pdf/n2414287.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/142/87/pdf/n2414287.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW151481072 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW151481072 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW151481072 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW151481072 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Communiqué from Maputo Regional Conference on the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 28 November 2017. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW151481072 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW151481072 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW151481072 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW151481072 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW151481072 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"139","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"LY","countryName":"Libya"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Libya has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration, though it was present at the second round of consultations in Geneva in 2020[1] and at the Vienna Conference on the Protection of Civilians in Urban Warfare in 2019 where it stressed the importance of an implementation mechanism to the measures adopted in the declaration.[2]</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Libya</span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> has acknowledged the need to protect civilians from the humanitarian consequences from explosive weapons in populated areas as a member of the Arab Group. At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2024, a working paper submitted by the <strong>Arab Group </strong></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">drew attention to the Political Declaration, and the importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in po</span><span data-contrast=\"none\">pulated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">.</span><span data-contrast=\"none\">[</span><span data-contrast=\"none\">3]</span><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Libya aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[4]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Boillot, L. 2020. ‘More than 70 States Engage in Discussions on Political Declaration’. Article 36. 27 February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/updates/more-than-70-states-engage-in-discussions-on-political-declaration/\"><span>https://article36.org/updates/more-than-70-states-engage-in-discussions-on-political-declaration/.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘States Commit to Take Political Action on Explosive Weapons at Vienna conference’. Reaching Critical Will, 2019. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14061-states-commit-to-take-political-action-on-explosive-weapons-at-vienna-conference\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14061-states-commit-to-take-political-action-on-explosive-weapons-at-vienna-conference.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Arab Group, ‘Working Paper: Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon’, 19 November 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW257989534 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill</span></span></a></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>. </span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"45","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"LI","countryName":"Liechtenstein"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Liechtenstein <span>was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW102729053 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Liechtenstein attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. At the conference, Liechtenstein stated it was “appalled by the steep upsurge in the number of civilians harmed by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas”. It urged “</span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">all armed forces to establish clear responsibilities and internal procedures for identifying and responding to civilian harm</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>.</strong>”[1]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW102729053 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Liechtenstein also “encourage[d] the international community to </span><span>recognise</span><span> and support the importance of data collecting on casualties through national authorities, international </span><span>organisations</span><span> and civil society actors.” It welcomed efforts by the UN to “collect comprehensive and verifiable data on civilian casualties in a large number of conflicts” and stated that it was a member of the core group and penholder of the resolution on the human rights impact of casualty recording at the UN Human Rights Council </span><span>in its 50th Session. In addition, Liechtenstein stated that “in order</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> <strong>to fully understand the negative impacts of” the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, data collection, beyond fatality numbers, must be collected</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. For example, it suggested that improved occupational information about victims could “contribute to the quality of assessments of possible societal impacts of armed conflicts and enable improvements to the flow and coordination of humanitarian aid, including the activities of the ICRC.”</span><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Liechtenstein <strong>strongly encouraged the collection of new and additional information on the impact of explosive weapons to take use of and adapt existing mechanisms and called for </strong></span><strong>standardisation</strong></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, stating that “the true value of information can only be unlocked, if the available data is comparable and reliable.”[2]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW102729053 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the conference Liechtenstein also </span><span>emphasised</span><span> the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>importance of highlighting the voices of people from affected communities</strong>, <strong>stating that they are often the experts of the impact</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong> </strong>of explosive weapons. “</span><span>Civilan</span><span> </span><span>organisations</span><span> - including but not limited to healthcare providers, faith leaders, journalists and human rights groups - have unparalleled access to information about victims. Liechtenstein therefore </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">encourages armed forces, international organisations and national authorities to engage directly with civilian casualty recorders to better understand and address the impact of their military operations</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.”[3]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW102729053 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Liechtenstein has spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, primarily to express concern over the harms caused to civilians. Liechtenstein issued statements on explosive weapons in populated areas during UN Security Council open debates on the protection of civilians in armed conflict in 2010[4] and in August 2013, Liechtenstein called on all parties in conflict to strictly respect the principles of distinction and proportionality and avoid the use of explosive force in densel</span><span>y populated areas.[5] In 2024, Liechtenstein “note[d] that the widespread use in armed conflicts of explosive weapons in populated areas is a particularly disturbing trend in the violation of international humanitarian law.”[6] In 2024, </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Liechtenstein <strong>called upon all states that have not yet done so to endorse the Political Declaration “and to fully and effectively implement it</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>” both at the Security Council debate and UN General Assembly First Committee General debate[7] At the latter, Liechtenstein also expressed concern about the increase in conflicts taking place in populated areas, as well as the use of explosive weapons herein, which has had a devastating impact on civilians. Liechtenstein expressed concern for the particularly alarming level of use of explosive weapons in Gaza, but also in Ukraine, Sudan and Myanmar, with immense humanitarian costs.[8] At the UN General </span><span>Assembly First Committee General Debate in October 2016, Liechtenstein expressed concern over explosive weapons in populated areas and support for the UN Secretary General’s “<strong>call upon </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">parties to conflicts to refrain from using these weapons and to elaborate a political commitment to this effect</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>”.[9] </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW102729053 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Alongside its individual statements, Lichtenstein has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. As a member of the European Union (EU), Liechtenstein has signed onto numerous joint statements </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict[10] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee,[11] as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.[12] The EU, with Liechtenstein signing on, has also </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW102729053 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Liechtenstein also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>.</strong>”[13] It also aligned with the Commitment 123002 at the World Humanitarian Summit in May 2016, reinforcing the commitment to</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> <strong>data collection on the impacts of explosive weapons in populated area</strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">s, to </span><span data-contrast=\"none\">exchange of best practices</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, and to explore effective measures to ensure respect for International Humanitaria</span><span>n Law (IHL), including a Political Declaration on the issue.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>[14] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW102729053 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW102729053 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>As a member of the Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, Liechtenstein has supported statements at the UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict stressing the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">importance of</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong> respecting IHL and the need to enhance the protection of civilians</strong>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>[15] In 2024, the Group highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that “the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations.”[16] To that end, the Political Declaration was identified as providing “practical tools that ensure that protection is real and effective.”[17] I</span><span>n 2018 and 2019, Liechtenstein joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[18] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n</div>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW170615714 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW170615714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW170615714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Liechtenstein. ‘Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences Arising from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (EWIPA Declaration): Session 2: Understanding direct and indirect effects’, 23 April 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Liechtenstein_Session_1_453e8f7b6b.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Liechtenstein_Session_1_453e8f7b6b.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW170615714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW170615714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW170615714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW170615714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW170615714 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW170615714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW170615714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians During Armed Conflict Statement’. Permanent Mission of Liechtenstein to the United Nations. 22 November 2010.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/lie_poc_nov2010_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/lie_poc_nov2010_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW170615714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW170615714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UN Security Council’s Protection of Civilians’ Debate Raises Concerns over Explosive Weapons’. INEW. August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/un-security-councils-protection-of-civilians-debate-raises-concerns-over-explosive-weapons/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/un-security-councils-protection-of-civilians-debate-raises-concerns-over-explosive-weapons</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/un-security-councils-protection-of-civilians-debate-raises-concerns-over-explosive-weapons/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW170615714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW170615714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council, S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1), 21 May 2024. P.4. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW170615714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW170615714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. ; Permanent Mission of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the United Nations, ‘General Assembly, First Committee: General Debate on All Disarmament and International Security Agenda. 7 October 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/8Oct_Liechtenstein.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/8Oct_Liechtenstein.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW170615714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW170615714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Permanent Mission of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the United Nations, ‘General Assembly, First Committee: General Debate on All Disarmament and International Security Agenda. 7 October 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/8Oct_Liechtenstein.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/8Oct_Liechtenstein.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW170615714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW170615714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> ‘UNGA71 First Committee General Debate. Statement’. Permanent Mission of Liechtenstein to the United Nations. 6 October 2016.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.un.org/disarmament/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/6-Oct-Liechtenstein.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.un.org/disarmament/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/6-Oct-Liechtenstein.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW170615714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW170615714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW170615714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW170615714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW170615714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW170615714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW170615714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW170615714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity. ‘Liechtenstein’. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/212.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/212.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW170615714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW170615714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW170615714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW170615714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW170615714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW170615714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW170615714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"17\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW170615714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW170615714 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"18\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW170615714 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW170615714 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">f</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW170615714 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"140","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"LT","countryName":"Lithuania"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Lithuania has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did, however, participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration where it argued that in the declaration as a whole, and especially in Section 3, there must exist a <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">clear distinction between discriminate and indiscriminate uses of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, because in its view “not all explosive weapons use” harms civilians.[1] Lithuania also <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">supported the use of qualifiers throughout the text</strong> indicating that harm “can” potentially arise from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas—not that it does. Finally, Lithuania argued that the Declaration must make clear that <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">International Humanitarian Law (IHL) applies equally to all parties in armed conflicts, including non-state armed groups</strong>, which it says pose the greatest challenge to IHL implementation.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At 2024 the UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, Lithuania expressed full support for the Secretary-General’s call to strengthen the protection of civilians, and </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">emphasised</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> the Secretary-General’s recommendation to strengthen the protection of civilians from the humanitarian consequences arising from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas as significant</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. [2]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>As a member of the European Union (EU), Lithuania has signed onto numerous joint statements <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</strong>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict[3] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee[4], as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</strong>.[5] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on Protection of Civilians, the EU expressed that given the significant impact of the explosive weapons in populated areas its use should be restricted or avoided.[6] </span></span></span><span>The EU, with Lithuania signing on, has also <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it </span><span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span><span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians.</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Lithuania also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>.”[7]</span></p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW134811283 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW134811283 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW134811283 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW134811283 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW134811283 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW134811283 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW134811283 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW134811283 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW134811283 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council, S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1), 21 May 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW134811283 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW134811283 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW134811283 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW134811283 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW134811283 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW134811283 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW134811283 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW134811283 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW134811283 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW134811283 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW134811283 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW134811283 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW134811283 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW134811283 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW134811283 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW134811283 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW134811283 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW134811283 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW134811283 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW134811283 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW134811283 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW134811283 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW134811283 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW134811283 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW134811283 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW134811283 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW134811283 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity Archives. ‘Lithuania’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW134811283 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/2136.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/2136.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"46","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"LU","countryName":"Luxembourg"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Luxembourg </span><span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span><span> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span>Luxembourg made a written submission to the March 2021 consultation suggesting revisions to the draft Political Declaration including:</span> the <strong>inclusion of “education” along with healthcare as essential services</strong>; the replacement of the term “urban warfare” with “armed conflict in populated areas” in Sections 1 and 4,; the r<strong>eplacement of the word “restricting” to “minimising” the use of explosive weapons</strong> on section 3; and that meetings to review the implementation of the Declaration should be organised regularly on a voluntary and informal basis with civil society organisations, instead of “on a regular basis” as suggested in the original draft.[1] During the fourth consultation in April 2022, Luxembourg praised the <strong>commitment to collect and share information</strong>. It also reiterated that the Declaration is not an end in itself, but a step aimed at protecting civilians better in armed conflicts under all circumstances.[2] Luxembourg reiterated this at the signing ceremony in Dublin in November 2022, when it also commended the work of the UN, ICRC and civil society in the process of the Political Declaration.[3]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Luxembourg attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p6\">Luxembourg has frequently spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. In 2013, at the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, Luxembourg <strong>condemned the use of explosive weapons in densely populated areas</strong>[4] and in 2016, it highlighted the impact of those weapons on schools and hospitals.[5] At the January 2022 UN Security Council open debate on war in cities, Luxembourg <strong>welcomed the development of the political Declaration and said it would support a Declaration in which states commit to refraining from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.[6]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Alongside its individual statements, Luxembourg has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. As a member of the European Union (EU), Luxembourg has signed onto numerous joint statements <strong>condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</strong>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict[7] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee[8], as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the <strong>indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</strong>.[9] The EU, with Luxembourg signing on, has also <strong>repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it <span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians. <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the 2024 open debate, the EU expressed that given the signifi</span><span>cant impact of the explosive weapons in populated areas its use should be restricted or avoided. [10]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Luxembourg also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>.” [11] Luxembourg also aligned with the Commitment 123002 at the World Humanitarian Summit in May 2016, reinforcing the commitment to data collection on the impacts of explosive weapons in populated areas, to exchange of best practices, and to explore effective measures to ensure respect for international humanitarian law (IHL), including a Political Declaration on the issue.[12]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span>As a member of the Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, Luxembourg has supported statements at the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, stressing the <strong>importance of</strong></span><span><strong> respecting IHL and the need to enhance the protection of civilians</strong>.</span>[13] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In 2024, the Group highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that “the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations.” To that end, the Political Declaration was identified as providing “practical tools that ensure that protection is real and effective.”[14] </span></span>Luxembourg also endorsed the Ireland-led joint statement during the 74th session of the United Nations General Assembly’s First Committee in 2019.[15] The statement encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration on this issue.[16]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Implementation of the Political Declaration</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW88988402 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In February 2024, INEW and EWM conducted a state survey into endorser states' national efforts to disseminate and implement the Political Declaration. In the survey, Luxembourg reported that it <strong>had </strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>disseminated the Political Declaration</strong>. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>It stated that its Ministry for Foreign Affairs had coordinated extensively with the Ministry of </span><span>Defence</span><span> and the Ministry of Development Cooperation, prior to and following the endorsement of the Political Declaration. In addition, Luxembourg shared that it regularly engages with non-governmental </span><span>organisations</span><span> on explosive weapons in populated areas to “explore in more depth both the opportunities and challenges related to the Political Declaration.\" In addition, Luxe</span><span>mbourg reported that it has</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> <strong>nominated a point person responsible for the implementation of the Declaration</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> at the Security Policy Desk of the <strong>Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ Directorate of Political Affairs</strong>.[17]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW88988402 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Luxembourg stated that it has</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> <strong>not conducted briefings, workshops or trainings on the content of the Political Declaration</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> and plans for domestic implementation.[18]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW88988402 BCX0\"><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">Luxembourg stated that it has reviewed existing laws, policies, codes, approaches, practices or similar relevant to the protection of civilians</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, to identify areas where further policy development is necessary to meet the commitments under the Political Declaration. Elaborating on this, Luxembourg shared that following its endorsement of the Declaration, it has further developed its disarmament and proliferation policies. Luxembourg noted that its “military air capabilities are limited to transportation and other roles in the field of enablement and are therefore not designed for deployment in combat operations. Further, Luxembourg’s armed forces d</span><span>o not possess heavy artillery or other heavy explosive weaponry.” Luxembourg stated, “move its military largely outside of much of the scope of the Political Declaration.” Luxembourg stated that any further developments of its military equipment or doctrine will take into account “its adherence to the” Political Declaration. It shared that it does not have specific legislation dedicated solely to the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, but as a party to relevant international instruments, is “bound</span><span> by the rules and principles governing the use of weapons in armed conflict.”[19]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW88988402 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Upon a question of whether it has undertaken any other initiatives pertaining to strengthening the protection of civilians from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas that it would like to note, Luxembourg shared that it regularly references explosive weapons in populated areas in statements and advocates for its inclusion in joint statements across relevant fora, in line with paragraph 4.8/Section 4 of the Political Declaration. Thus, it stated it was “taking steps to raise awareness and promote the adoption and effective implementation of the Political Declaration by the greatest possible number of states.” In addition, Luxembourg shared that its armed forces provides and facilitates support to victims and communities affected by armed conflict, in line with paragraph 5 of Section 4 of the Political Declaration. Luxembourg’s Army’s de-mining service is actively engaged in awareness raising pertaining to the risks of explosive remnants of war within its domestic population and civilian personnel, as set out in the Declaration’s article 3.5. It also regularly contributes to projects coordinated by the EU, UN and OSCE to address the challenges posed by the explosive remnants of war, and financially supports civil society </span><span>organisations</span><span> taking on this work.[20]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW88988402 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>To view all of Luxembourg’s responses to the INEW and EWM state survey, and other states’ responses, see the </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW88988402 BCX0\" href=\"https://explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/reports/1/explosive-weapons-monitor-2023/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Explosive Weapons Monitor 2023</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, Chapter III on </span><span>Universalisation</span><span> and Implementation of the Political Declaration. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Draft Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences that Can Arise from the Use of Explosive Weapons with Wide Area Effects in Populated Areas’.Permanent Mission of Luxembourg to the United Nations. 29 January 2021. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Luxembourg-March2021.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Luxembourg-March2021.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs.</span><span> ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 3’. </span><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWCKiv5gpPI\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWCKiv5gpPI</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Morning Session.’ </span><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Explosive Weapons Raised as Key Issue in Security Council Debate on Protection of Civilians’. INEW. February 2013. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/explosive-weapons-raised-as-key-issue-in-security-council-debate-on-protection-of-civilians/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/explosive-weapons-raised-as-key-issue-in-security-council-debate-on-protection-of-civilians/</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Recognition of Harm from Explosive Weapons at the UN over Summer 2016’. INEW. 2016. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/un-ewipa-refs-summer-2016/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/un-ewipa-refs-summer-2016/</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022. </span><a href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></a><span>; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022. </span><a href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Luxembourg’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/123.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/123.html</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Ibid.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. Available from: </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042(Resumption1)\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042(Resumption1).</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. Available from: </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. Available from </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"47","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"MG","countryName":"Madagascar"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Madagascar was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. At the signing ceremony, Madagascar expressed support for the Declaration, highlighting <strong>the humanitarian effects of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and saying that each state has an obligation to develop policies and practices</strong> consistent with existing law on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas[1].</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Madagascar attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p4\">In 2017, Madagascar endorsed the communiqué arising from the Maputo Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas.[2] The Maputo Communiqué discussed the harms of explosive weapons in populated areas, the role of African states in working against it, and the need to create a Political Declaration on the matter. The 19 African states present agreed to work independently and cooperatively to, <em>inter alia</em>: a<strong>void the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; encourage <strong>collection of data and information</strong>; fully <strong>support the process towards adoption of an international Political Declaration</strong>; promote <strong>bilateral and regional cooperation through sharing experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm</strong> caused by explosive weapons to civilians; constructively <strong>engage in discussions and initiatives at international level</strong> that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; foster deeper and further <strong>engagement from African States</strong>; and strengthen <strong>cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support. In its statement during the General Debate of the 73rd UN General Assembly First Committee in 2018, Madagascar recalled the content of the Maputo Communiqué and expressed its concerns regarding the humanitarian impacts of explosive weapons in populated areas, particularly on civilians.[3]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Madagascar aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016. This included the commitment: “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[4] In 2018 and 2019, Madagascar joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[5]</p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘</span><span>Conférence de haut niveau pour adopter la Déclaration politique sur le renforcement de la protection des civils des conséquences humanitaires découlant de l’utilisation d’armes explosives dans les zones peuplées.’ Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 18 November 2022. </span><a href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Madagascar_French.pdf\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Madagascar_French.pdf.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Communiqué from Maputo Regional Conference on the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 28 November 2017. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee General Debate Statement’. Permanent Mission of Madagascar to the United Nations. 29 October 2018. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_Madagascar.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_Madagascar.pdf</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Madagascar’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/212.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/212.html</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. .</span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"48","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"MW","countryName":"Malawi"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p3\"><span>Malawi </span><span>was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span><span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span><strong> </strong>At the Dublin Conference in November 2022, Malawi expressed concern over the <strong>impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on women and children</strong> and said that states need to make commitments to<strong> adopt and implement policies and practices by restricting and refraining from use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> in populated areas<span>.[1]</span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Malawi attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </p>","references":"<ol>\n<li>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Morning Session.’ <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo</span></a>.</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"49","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"MY","countryName":"Malaysia"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Malaysia <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. Early in the consultations, Malaysia affirmed the need for the declaration to address the<strong> nature of the physical and psychological harm towards human beings, but also the harm on civilian infrastructure, on the environment, and longer-term effects</strong>.[1] It also stressed the need to <strong>reinforce and reaffirm International Humanitarian Law</strong> (IHL), as well as to <strong>collect better data</strong> in order to develop further studies about the impacts of urban warfare. Malaysia argued that the declaration should <strong>include non-discriminatory assistance to victims</strong>. The country also said that the declaration <strong>should not “stigmatise” certain types of weapons</strong> and gave support for a <strong>follow up mechanism</strong>.[2] It also underlined the need for the document to reflect the <strong>reverberating effects of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.[3]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">As consultations progressed, Malaysia supported the inclusion of provisions regarding <strong>long-term environmental challenges and public health risks caused by explosive weapons</strong>.[4] It also agreed that provisions on victim’s assistance should be strengthened, by better defining its scope and taking into account families and others affected. In a written submission as a response to the proposed draft[5], Malaysia added the <strong>destruction of agricultural areas and grazing land as actions that aggravate civilian suffering</strong> (in addition to the destruction of schools and housing, which were already included in the original draft). </p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Malaysia</span><span> attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><strong>Statements and positions</strong></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\">Malaysia has several times spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, including the UN Security Council. At the February and August 2013 Security Council open debates on the protection of civilians in armed conflict Malaysia expressed concern over the <strong>high number of civilian casualties from explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>[6] and called on parties to conflict to “<strong>restrict themselves from employing heavy weapons and explosive munitions that have been known to inflict untold misery, deaths and injuries to civilians</strong>”.[7] At the UN Security Council Open Debate on Children and Armed Conflict in June 2015, Malaysia recalled that in various countries across the world “children are losing their lives as the result of air strikes and the use of explosive weapons in densely populated settings.”[8] At the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2022, Malaysia welcomed the conclusion of the negotiations on the Political Declaration.[9] Similarly, at the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, Malaysia <span>welcomed the Political Declaration and highlighted the importance of its adoption.</span>[10] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Malaysia highlighted the importance of strengthening the protection of civilians from the humanitarian consequences arising from explosive weapons in populated areas and</span><span> the Political Declaration again at the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2024.[11]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Alongside its individual statements, Malaysia has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. In 2018 and 2019, Malaysia joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[12]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">In addition, as a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Malaysia aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity.’ This included the commitment: “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[13]<span></span></p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Young, K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.4’. Reaching Critical Will. 22 October 2022. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No4.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No4.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘Towards a Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: States Need to Ensure that Expressed Commitments Translate into Real Impacts on the Ground’. Reaching Critical Will. 2019. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-wepons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Statement - Permanent Mission of Malaysia to the United Nations’. Permanent Mission of Malaysia to the United Nations. 18 November 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Malaysia-Written-Submission--18-November-2019.pdf\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Malaysia-Written-Submission–18-November-2019.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Written Submission - Permanent Mission of Malaysia to the United Nations’. Permanent Mission of Malaysia to the United Nations. 10 February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Malaysia-Written-Submission---10-February-2020.pdf\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Malaysia-Written-Submission—10-February-2020.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Ibid. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.6917. 12 February 2013. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917(Resumption1).</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7019. 19 August 2013. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘States Acknowledge Impact of Explosive Weapons at UN Debate, Austria to Host Meeting’. INEW. June 2015. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/caac-2015/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/caac-2015/</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Inputs to the Draft Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from Humanitarian Harm Arising from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Malaysia to the United Nations. 17 March 2020. </span><a href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Malaysia-Written-Submission---17-March-2020.pdf\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Malaysia-Written-Submission—17-March-2020.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Young, K. 2023. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.21, No.5’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 November 2023. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">Statement by Malaysia’s Permanent Mission to the United Nation, ‘At the thematic debate on conventional weapons First Committee of the 79th session of the United Nations General Assembly’, 24 October 2024. <a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/24Oct_Malaysia.pdf\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/24Oct_Malaysia.pdf</a> </li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. .</span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. Available from </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Malaysia’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/212.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/212.html</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"86","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"MV","countryName":"Maldives"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>The Maldives did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration but </span><span>was</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Maldives aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[1]</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Implementation of the Political Declaration </strong></span></h2>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW46999557 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW46999557 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In February 2024, INEW and EWM conducted a state survey into endorser states' national efforts to disseminate and implement the Political Declaration. In the survey, the Maldives reported that it had </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>not</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>disseminated the Political Declaration. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In addition, the Maldives reported that the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Department of International </span><span>Defence</span><span> Cooperation and Policy within the Ministry of </span><span>Defence</span><span> is responsible for the implementation</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> of the Declaration. [2]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW46999557 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW46999557 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The Maldives stated that it has not conducted trainings, briefings or workshops on the content of the Political Declaration or its domestic implementation. Nor has it reviewed laws, policies, approaches or practices relevant to the protection of civilians to identify further policy development that is necessary to meet the commitments under the Declaration and avoid harm from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. [3]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW46999557 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW46999557 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The Maldives stated that it had undertaken other initiatives pertaining to the protection of civilians from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, but did not specify what these were. [4]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW46999557 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW46999557 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>To view all of the Maldives’ responses to the INEW and EWM state survey, and other states’ responses, see the </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW46999557 BCX0\" href=\"https://explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/reports/1/explosive-weapons-monitor-2023/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Explosive Weapons Monitor 2023</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, Chapter III on </span><span>Universalisation</span><span> and Implementation of the Political Declaration. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n</div>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236283832 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236283832 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236283832 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236283832 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘</span><span>Organisation</span><span> of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236283832 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236283832 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236283832 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236283832 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236283832 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The Maldives’ response to the International Network on Explosive Weapons and the Explosive Weapons Monitor’s State Survey, March 2024.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236283832 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236283832 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236283832 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236283832 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236283832 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236283832 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236283832 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236283832 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"141","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"ML","countryName":"Mali"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Mali has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did, however, participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration, though expressed its support for the process where it advocated for the respect for International Humanitarian Law (IHL) by allowing for <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">safe evacuation of civilians and necessary precautions to avoid or minimise damage to infrastructure</strong>. Mali also stressed the need for states to p<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">revent explosive weapons from reaching non-state actors’ hands</strong> and to prevent them from using these weapons, especially in populated areas.[1]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Mali attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span> </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>In 2017, Mali endorsed the communiqué arising from the Maputo Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas. The Maputo Communiqué discussed the harms of explosive weapons in populated areas, the role of African states in working against it, and the need to create a Political Declaration on the matter. The 19 African states present agreed to work independently and cooperatively to, <em style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">inter alia</em>: a<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">void the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; encourage <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">collection of data and information</strong>; fully <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">support the process towards adoption of an international Political Declaration</strong>; promote <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">bilateral and regional cooperation through sharing experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm</strong> caused by explosive weapons to civilians; constructively <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engage in discussions and initiatives at international level</strong> that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; foster deeper and further <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engagement from African States</strong>; and strengthen <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.[2]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Mali is a member of the Human Security Network, which issued a statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, expressing its concerns with the use of such weapons, stressing that they can pose <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">unacceptable risk to civilians and that more systematic data collection is necessary</strong>.[3] The Network also made a statement during the February 2014 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, when it called on <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">all parties to conflict to refrain from using explosive weapons with a wide impact area in populated areas</strong>.[4]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Mali is also a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, which aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to “Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity” in May 2016, including the commitment to “<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">refrain from using explosive weapons with wide-area effects in populated areas</strong> owing to their likelihood of causing immediate effects; [collecting] and [sharing] good practices on minimizing impacts on civilians when using explosive weapons in populated areas; [and identifying] targets and indicators to monitor progress in reducing the humanitarian impacts of explosive weapons in populated areas.”[5]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Communiqué from Maputo Regional Conference on the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 28 November 2017. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7019. 19 August 2013. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Agenda for Humanity: Annex to the Report of the Secretary-General for the World Humanitarian Summit’. 2 February 2016. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/sites/default/files/AgendaforHumanity.pdf\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/sites/default/files/AgendaforHumanity.pdf</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"50","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"MT","countryName":"Malta"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Malta <span>was involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. In the early stages of consultation, it was among several states who <strong>opposed the use of qualifiers</strong>, defending the use of the expression “arising from” instead of “can arise”, and welcomed the draft Declaration’s acknowledgement of reverberating effects.[1] At the fourth consultation in April 2022, Malta <span>welcomed the<strong> inclusion of schools and educational facilities</strong> in Section 3, and underlined the <strong>importance of regular training of military personnel and the adoption of national policies and practices intended to protect civilians</strong></span>[2].</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Matla attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\">Malta has on several occasions spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. At the UN Security Council open debate on war in cities: on 25 January 2022, Malta <strong>welcomed the development of the Political Declaration and called on parties to conflict to avoid the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.[3] Later that year, at the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians on 25 May 2022, Malta encouraged states to <strong>pursue synergies between the Call for Humanitarian Action, the Safe Schools Declaration and the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.[4]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Alongside its individual statements, Malta has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. As a member of the European Union (EU), Malta has signed onto numerous joint statements <strong>condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</strong>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the protection of civilians in armed conflict[5] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee[6]. <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, the EU stated that given the significant impact of the explosive weapons in populated areas its use should be restricted or avoided.[7]</span></span> At the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the <strong>indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</strong>.[8] The EU, with Malta signing on, has also <strong>repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it <span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians.</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Malta aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitment to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in its national capacity and as an EU member state. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”</strong>[9]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">In 2018 and 2019, Malta joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[10]</p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></a><span>.</span></li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. </span><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022. </span><a href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042(Resumption1)\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042(Resumption1).</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></a><span>; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. <a href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</a> </li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022. </span><a href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Agenda for Humanity Archives, ‘Malta’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/127.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/127.html</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. .</span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. Available from </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"142","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"MH","countryName":"Marshall Islands"}}},"region":"Pacific","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>The Marshall Islands has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration, though it was present at the second round of consultations. </span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"143","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"MR","countryName":"Mauritania"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Mauritania has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Mauritania has acknowledged the need to protect civilians from the humanitarian consequences from explosive weapons in populated areas as a member of the Arab Group. At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2024, a working paper submitted by<strong> the Arab Group</strong></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"> drew attention to the Political Declaration, and the importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">.[1]</span><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Mauritania aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[2]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Arab Group, ‘Working Paper: Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon’, 19 November 2024, </span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW82140946 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf</span></a></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"144","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"MU","countryName":"Mauritius"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Mauritius has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Mauritius endorsed the Ireland-led joint statement during the 74th session of the United Nations General Assembly’s First Committee in 2019.</span><span>[1] The statement<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration</strong> on this issue.[2]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"51","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"MX","countryName":"Mexico"}}},"region":"Latin_America","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Mexico <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. Mexico regularly delivered statements throughout the consultations towards a Political Declaration, as well as raising concerns around explosive weapons in populated areas and expressing support for a Political Declaration in other multilateral forums.</p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span>Early in the consultation process, Mexico </span>delivered a joint statement with seven other Latin American and Caribbean states. In this statement, states delineated key elements of a Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas including: acknowledgement of the likely <strong>humanitarian consequences</strong> of the use of explosive weapons of wide area effects in populated areas; a <strong>commitment to avoid use </strong>of such weapons in populated areas and to <strong>develop military operational policies and procedures</strong> in this regard and<strong> identify, develop and exchange best practices</strong>; promote greater <strong>compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law</strong>; commit states to <strong>enable secure and sustainable humanitarian access</strong>; recognize the <strong>rights of victims and affected communities</strong>; encourage collection of <strong>disaggregated data</strong>; strengthen <strong>cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organizations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.[1] Mexico also noted that <span><strong>avoiding the use of explosive weapons in populated areas would contribute to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 16</strong>, and supported the suggestion by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) for the <strong>declaration to contain an unequivocal commitment by states to avoid the use of explosive weapons in populated areas as matter of policy and good practice</strong> and to operationalise their commitment through mitigation measures. </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Mexico also delivered several joint statements with Chile throughout the consultation process in which it reaffirmed many of these positions[2] and called for the Political Declaration to include clear delineations of existing obligations under International Humanitarian Law (IHL) in order to promote adherence to them regarding explosive weapons in populated areas use.[3] It asserted that the Political Declaration should <strong>strengthen compliance with IHL through the creation of new policy commitments</strong>.[4] These joint statements also emphasised the<strong> importance of clarity regarding the harm caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, opposing the suggestions of other states to include qualifiers</strong>[5], and spoke in favour of <strong>inclusive international cooperation</strong> and called for <strong>a transparent implementation and follow-up process to monitor progress</strong> on the commitments within the Political Declaration.[6] At the fourth round of consultations, Mexico and Chile’s joint comments on the draft welcomed the removal of the caveated language throughout the text, as well as the <strong>clear acknowledgement of the multifaceted nature of the effects caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> on the civilian population. They also welcomed a proposal to include an additional paragraph that clarifies the application of international human rights law during armed conflict.</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">At the final consultation in June 2022, Chile and Mexico welcomed the final version of the draft, and said that although paragraph 3.3 does not reflect the language that they would have preferred (a commitment to “avoid” the use of explosive weapons in populated areas), it does establish a concrete political commitment that goes beyond the mere implementation of IHL. They said that the paragraph <strong>should be implemented as a clear-cut commitment to avoid the use of explosive weapons of wide area effects in populated areas</strong>[7].</p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Mexico attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration Mexico </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">expressed <strong>concern for trends in use of explosive weapons in populated areas seen in ongoing conflicts</strong>,<strong> and its devastating consequences</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. This, it said, only </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">emphasised</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> the importance of the Political Declaration as a mechanism by which these trends can be addressed</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. Mexico spoke about its work on</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> <strong>promoting the Declaration at the multilateral level</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, internationally, through the UN, and </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">regionally</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, through the Organization of American States, highlighting existing UN bodies, agendas and mechanisms,</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> that <strong>can be drawn on to progress the Declaration and its commitments</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, including the Secretary General’s New Agenda for Peace, UNDP and other development efforts, and the International Organization for Migration. Mexico also </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><strong><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">spoke about the implementation of the Political Declaration, </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">emphasising</span></strong><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong> in particular restricting and refraining from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, and the provision of </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">victim assistance</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> to address direct and indirect harm to populations, and facilitating </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">rapid and safe humanitarian aid</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. Herein, Mexico underlined the importance of continuing to fund </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">organisations</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> providing humanitarian aid and victim assistance.[8]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p6\">Mexico has frequently spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. Mexico called for <strong>ending the use of explosive weapons in populated areas in light of its indiscriminate effects</strong> at the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict in November 2010,[9]June 2012,[10] and January 2015[11] as well as in 2019.[12] During the UN Security Council Debate on the Protection of Civilians held in 2021, Mexico condemned attacks on medical facilities and personnel and noted the civilian harm caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. At the UN Security Council Open Debate War in Cities: Protection of Civilians in Urban Settings on 25 January 2022, Mexico noted that although the use of explosive weapons in populated areas isn’t expressly prohibited under international humanitarian law (IHL), because of the density of populations in urban areas it is virtually impossible for these weapons to be used without a high risk of violating the principles of discrimination and proportionality.[13] It also Mexico said the Political Declaration should recognise that the use of explosive weapons in populated areas has unacceptable humanitarian consequences and acknowledge the impact such use has on the physical and mental health of people.[14] During the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict on 23 May 2023, Mexico welcomed the Political Declaration and urged states to sign it.<span>[15] Similarly, at the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, Mexico </span><span>welcomed the Political Declaration and highlighted the importance of its adoption.</span><span>[16] <span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the 2024 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, Mexico once again drew attention to the Political Declaration, stating that it underscores the international community’s commitment to humanitarian law. However, it also expressed concern for the lack of implementation of the standards set out in the Political Declaration.[17]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Mexico held the <a href=\"http://www.un.org/dpi/ngosection/conference/\"><span>62nd Annual DPI/NGO Conference</span></a>, in 2009, where the outcome document, amongst many other things, endorsed a ban on the use of explosive force in populated areas.[18] Mexico has also drawn attention to the humanitarian consequences of the use explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee Debate on Conventional Weapons in 2015.[19]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Mexico has also repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. <span>Alongside 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, Ecuador participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018, resulting in <strong>the Santiago Communiqué</strong></span>[20]<span><strong> in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue</strong>. </span>In 2018 and 2019, Mexico joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm [21]. At the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in May 2023, the Group of Friends of Action on Conflict and Hunger, of which Mexico is a member, <strong>strongly welcomed the Political Declaration, called on other states to join it, and said that the Oslo Conference will provide a critical opportunity to make progress in implementing the Declaration.</strong>[22]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">It is also aligned with World Humanitarian Summit <a href=\"http://www.agendaforhumanity.org/core-commitments\"><span>Core Commitments</span></a> to “Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity.” This included the commitment “to <strong>promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[23] Mexico also aligned with Commitment 123002 to “<strong>support the collection of data on the direct civilian harm and the reverberating effects on civilians and civilian objects resulting from the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas, and to contribute to the collection and exchange of information on good practices and lessons learned in minimizing impacts on civilians</strong> when using such weapons in populated areas. It further pledges to continue to look for effective measures to strengthen the respect for international humanitarian law in this regard, among them an international Political Declaration on the issue.”[24]</p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Latin American and Caribbean states: Joint Statement to the First Informal Consultations’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 18 November 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Joint-Statement-of-LATAM-and-Caribbean-States-Written-Submission---18-November-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/explosive weapons in populatedareas/Joint-Statement-of-LATAM-and-Caribbean-States-Written-Submission—18-November-2019.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Permanent Missions of Chile and Mexico to the United Nations: Working Paper on EWIPA–Key Elements for a Political Declaration’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 10 February 2020. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Chile-and-Mexico-Written-Paper-Submission---10-February-2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Chile-and-Mexico-Written-Paper-Submission—10-February-2020.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Permanent Missions of Chile and Mexico to the United Nations: Comments on the Draft Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians From Humanitarian Harm Arising from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 17 March 2020. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Chile-Mexico-Written-Submission---17-March-2020-.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Chile-Mexico-Written-Submission—17-March-2020-.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Towards a Political Declaration to Address the Humanitarian Harm Arising from the Use of EWIPA–Virtual Informal Consultation Process: Written Comments by Chile and Mexico’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 3-5 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions3-5march/Mx-Chile-Written-comments-on-EWIPA-v.-submission.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions3-5march/Mx-Chile-Written-comments-on-EWIPA-v.-submission.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Consultation Process 6-8 April 2022: Comments by Chile and Mexico’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 6-8 April 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.gov.ie/pdf/?file=https://assets.gov.ie/258825/1f9dc2be-a288-4513-affe-a9b58d696e1a.pdf#page=null\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.gov.ie/pdf/?file=https://assets.gov.ie/258825/1f9dc2be-a288-4513-affe-a9b58d696e1a.pdf#page=null</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Consultations – Morning’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6kJVfHdXSc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6kJVfHdXSc</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Reaching Critical Will, ‘Notes from the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway’, April 2024. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Statement to the November 2010 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of Mexico to the United Nations. 22 November 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/mex_poc_nov2010_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/mex_poc_nov2010_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Security Council Debate highlights Harm From Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 25 June 2012.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/security-council-debate-highlights-harm-from-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/security-council-debate-highlights-harm-from-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘”Indiscriminate Harm”: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas Raised at UN Protection Debate, Expert Meeting Announced.’ INEW. January 2015.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/poc-jan-2015/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/poc-jan-2015</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/poc-jan-2015/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8534. 23 May 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Young, K. 2023. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.21, No.5’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 November 2023.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"17\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council, S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1), 21 May 2024, p.7, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"18\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Moyes, R. 2009. ‘NGO Conference Endorses Ban on Explosive Force in Populated Areas’. Article 36. 25 September 2009. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/updates/ngo-conference-endorses-ban-on-explosive-force-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/updates/ngo-conference-endorses-ban-on-explosive-force-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"19\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"19\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA70 First Committee Conventional Weapons Debate Statement’. Permanent Mission of Mexico to the United Nations. 26 October 2015. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_Mexico.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_Mexico.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"20\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"20\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"21\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"21\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"22\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"22\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"23\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"23\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity, ‘Mexico’</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/127.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/127.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW4544150 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"24\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW4544150 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"24\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW4544150 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity, ‘Austria’</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW4544150 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/123.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/123.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"145","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"FM","countryName":"Micronesia"}}},"region":"Pacific","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Micronesia has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span><span></span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"52","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"MC","countryName":"Monaco"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Monaco </span><span>was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, though it attended the 2020 consultation in Geneva</span><span>.[1] It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span></p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Monaco attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\">In 2018 and 2019, Monaco joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm[2].</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Monaco also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>.”[3]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Monaco has also aligned itself with several statements delivered by the European Union (EU) on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas, most recently during the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, in which the <strong>EU w</strong><span><strong>elcomed the Political Declaration and highlighted the importance of its adoption</strong>. The EU also highlighted the <strong>work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments</strong>, including at the 2024 Oslo Conference.</span><span>[4] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, the EU stated that given the significant impact of the explosive weapons in populated areas its use should be restricted or avoided.[5] </span></span></span></p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘More than 70 States Engage in Discussions on Political Declaration’. INEW. 10 February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/more-than-70-states-engage-in-discussions-on-political-declaration/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/more-than-70-states-engage-in-discussions-on-political-declaration/</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Monaco’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/338.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/338.html</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 23 October 2023. </span><span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_EU.pdf\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_EU.pdf</a></span><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. <a href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</a> </li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"146","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"MN","countryName":"Mongolia"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Mongolia has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> </strong>It participated in the Conference on the Protection of Civilians in Urban Warfare in October 2019 held in Vienna, but did not issue any statement.[1]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘Vienna Conference Marks Turning Point as States Support Negotiation of an International Political Declaration on Explosive Weapons’. INEW. 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/vienna-conference-marks-turning-point-as-states-support-negotiation-of-an-international-political-declaration-on-explosive-weapons/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/vienna-conference-marks-turning-point-as-states-support-negotiation-of-an-international-political-declaration-on-explosive-weapons/</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"87","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"ME","countryName":"Montenegro"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Montenegro has endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It was present at but did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Montenegro has spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums: during the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in 2013 it called on the parties to conflicts to “honour their obligations in <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">refraining from the use of explosive weapons in densely populated areas</strong>”[1] and at the 2016 open debate, continued to express its concern at the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.[2]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Alongside its individual statements, Montenegro has aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. Montenegro aligned with several statements delivered by the European Union (EU) on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas, including <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> at the 2024 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, when it expressed that given the significant impact of the explosive weapons in populated areas its use should be restricted or avoided. [3] During the</span></span></span><span> UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, in which the EU <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">w</strong></span><strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span>elcomed the Political Declaration and highlighted the importance of its adoption </span></strong><span>as well as the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments.</span>[4]<span> In 2018 and 2019, Montenegro joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm [5]. </span></p>","references":"<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW103737070 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW103737070 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"> </p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW103737070 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW103737070 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW103737070 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW103737070 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Permanent Mission of Montenegro to the United Nations (2013). ‘UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict Statement’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW103737070 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW103737070 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW103737070 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW103737070 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW103737070 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Permanent Mission of Montenegro to the United Nations (2016). ‘UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict Statement’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW103737070 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7711</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW103737070 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW103737070 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW103737070 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW103737070 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW103737070 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW103737070 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW103737070 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW103737070 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW103737070 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">European Union (2023) . ‘Statement on Conventional Weapons’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW103737070 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW103737070 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW103737070 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW103737070 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW103737070 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW103737070 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW103737070 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW103737070 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"53","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"MA","countryName":"Morocco"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Morocco was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. At the signing ceremony in Dublin in November 2022, Morocco recognised the <strong>harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas, particularly to women and children, and expressed concern about the lack of accountability by non-state actors</strong>. Morocco also underlined the danger caused by the <strong>inaccuracy of the weapons</strong>, and said its armed forces are trained in compliance with IHL.[1]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224035469 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Morocco attended the first international follow-up conference for the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. During the panel on military policies and practices, Morocco </span><span>emphasised</span><span> its adherence to international humanitarian law and </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">highlighted national policies and practices that can prevent and limit the impact of explosive weapons on civilians</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. This includes:</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Paragraph SCXW224035469 BCX0\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"><strong>assessing the risks and challenges associated with the protection of civilians in operational planning and in military exercises;</strong></span></li>\n<li class=\"Paragraph SCXW224035469 BCX0\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"><strong>rules of engagement </strong>that give priority to protecting civilians during military operations;</span></li>\n<li class=\"Paragraph SCXW224035469 BCX0\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"><strong>acquiring weapons and equipment</strong> to mitigate collateral damage, such as precision guided munitions or technology that can estimate collateral damage, and;</span></li>\n<li class=\"Paragraph SCXW224035469 BCX0\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\">the <strong>establishment of civil-military coordination </strong>mechanisms to facilitate regular communication and coordination between the Royal Armed Forces and humanitarian organisations[2].</span></li>\n</ul>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW224035469 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW224035469 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Morocco also stated that it was<strong> </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">committed to collaborating with international partners and sharing knowledge and best practices because it recognises the importance of collective efforts to promote the Political Declaration</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>[3].</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559685":0,"335559739":240}\"> </span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559685":0,"335559739":240}\"></span></p>\n</div>\n<p class=\"p4\">During the June 2012 UN Security Council Open Debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict Morocco noted that “[t]he <strong>use of artillery against urban zones, and the shelling of buildings and social edifices such as hospitals, schools and places of worship, are not only contrary to international humanitarian and human rights law but are, above all, unjustified and unjustifiable</strong>. It is our collective duty to put an end to it.”[4] In 2018, Morocco issued a statement regarding the use of explosive weapons in populated areas during the Annual Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, recognising the <strong>humanitarian harm from explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and noting the process for a Political Declaration on the topic[5]. </p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Alongside its individual statements, Morocco has also aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2024, a working paper submitted by the Arab Group, of which Morocco is a member, </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>drew attention to the Political Declaration, and the importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.[6] </span></span>Though Morocco did not participate in the 2017 Maputo Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas, it nevertheless expressed its support for the resulting Matupo Communiqué[7].</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Morocco is also a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), which is aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to “Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity”, in May 2016, including the commitment: “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations”[8].</p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW125232880 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125232880 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125232880 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125232880 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125232880 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> ‘Watch back. Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Afternoon Session’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125232880 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125232880 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125232880 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125232880 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125232880 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Royaume</span><span> du Maroc, ‘Première </span><span>Conférence</span><span> </span><span>internationale</span><span> de </span><span>suivi</span><span> de </span><span>l’adoption</span><span> de la </span><span>Déclaration</span><span> politique sur le </span><span>renforcement</span><span> de la protection des civils </span><span>contre</span><span> les </span><span>conséquences</span><span> </span><span>humanitaires</span><span> </span><span>découlant</span><span> de </span><span>l’utilisation</span><span> </span><span>d’armes</span><span> explosives dans les zones </span><span>peuplées</span><span> (EWIPA)’ 23 April 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125232880 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Morocco_Session_1_c93332d0b0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Morocco_Session_1_c93332d0b0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125232880 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125232880 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125232880 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125232880 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125232880 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125232880 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125232880 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125232880 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Security Council Debate Highlights Harm from Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 25 June 2012. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125232880 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/security-council-debate-highlights-harm-from-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.inew.org/security-council-debate-highlights-harm-from-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW125232880 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125232880 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125232880 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125232880 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125232880 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons Annual Meeting of High Contracting Parties Statement’. Permanent Mission of Morocco to the United Nations. 21 November 2018.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125232880 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Morocco.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Morocco.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125232880 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125232880 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125232880 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125232880 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Arab Group, ‘Working Paper: Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon’, 19 November 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125232880 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125232880 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125232880 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125232880 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125232880 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Vienna Conference Marks Turning Point as States Support Negotiation of an International Political Declaration on Explosive Weapons’. INEW. October 2019. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125232880 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/vienna-conference-marks-turning-point-as-states-support-negotiation-of-an-international-political-declaration-on-explosive-weapons/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.inew.org/vienna-conference-marks-turning-point-as-states-support-negotiation-of-an-international-political-declaration-on-explosive-weapons/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. For the Maputo </span><span>Communiqé</span><span>, see: ‘Communiqué from Maputo Regional Conference on the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 28 November 2017. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125232880 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125232880 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125232880 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125232880 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125232880 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Organisation</span><span> of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). ‘Agenda for Humanity’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125232880 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125232880 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125232880 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span></span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\"> </span></p>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"147","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"MZ","countryName":"Mozambique"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Mozambique has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did, however, actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration, and has raised concerns around explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>At the beginning of the consultations process, Mozambique said that the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">Declaration should commit states to avoid using explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong> and s<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">upported a call for the adoption and review of policies and practices</strong>—including in military doctrines, tactical instructions, rules of engagement, the testing and development of new weapons, education, and other measures—to enhance protection of civilians and compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL). It called for <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">investigating allegations of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas in violation of IHL</strong>, and, where appropriate, for the due prosecution of perpetrators, and also supported the<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> establishment of a follow-up mechanism</strong>. Mozambique also emphasised the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">importance of collecting data disaggregated by gender, disability, and age and said the declaration should recognise the rights of victims and affected communities as well as provide appropriate victim assistance</strong> to those affected in line with the Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities.[1] </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>As the consultations progressed, Mozambique echoed many of these points. It added that the Political Declaration could <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">reflect the impacts of explosive weapons in populated areas on the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals</strong>, particularly Goal 16, and suggested this should be referenced in the preamble along with other relevant materials and initiatives including the commitments of the World Humanitarian Summit and the Safe Schools Declaration.[2]</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Mozambique has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. In 2017, Mozambique endorsed the communiqué arising from the (Mozambique-hosted) Maputo Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas. The Maputo Communiqué discussed the harms of explosive weapons in populated areas, the role of African states in working against it, and the need to create a Political Declaration on the matter. The 19 African states present agreed to work independently and cooperatively to, <em style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">inter alia</em>: a<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">void the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; encourage <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">collection of data and information</strong>; fully <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">support the process towards adoption of an international Political Declaration</strong>; promote <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">bilateral and regional cooperation through sharing experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm</strong> caused by explosive weapons to civilians; constructively <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engage in discussions and initiatives at international level</strong> that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; foster deeper and further <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engagement from African States</strong>; and strengthen <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.[3]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>In 2018 and 2019, Mozambique joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm[4]. </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), Mozambique aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to “Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity” in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[5] </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Mozambique aligned with the Joint Commitment </span><a href=\"http://www.agendaforhumanity.org/commitment/495\"><span>123002</span></a><span> to the World Humanitarian Summit led by Austria, in May 2016, pledging to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">continue to raising awareness about the challenges for the protection of civilians by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and to develop a Political Declaration on the issue.[6]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Reaching Critical Will (2019). ‘Towards a Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: States Need to Ensure that Expressed Commitments Translate into Real Impacts on the Ground’. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></a><span>; ‘Statement at Geneva Consultations on Protecting Civilians in Urban Warfare Geneva’. Permanent Mission of Mozambique to the United Nations. 10 February 2019. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/10Feb_Mozambique.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/explosive weapons in populated areas/declaration/statements/10Feb_Mozambique.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Communiqué from Maputo Regional Conference on the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 28 November 2017. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). ‘Agenda for Humanity’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/233.html.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/123.html#495\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/123.html#495</span></a><span>. </span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"148","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"MM","countryName":"Myanmar"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Myanmar has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Myanmar has spoken about the <strong>large-scale destruction, bombing and aerial attacks on populated areas in Myanmar</strong> by the military junta at the UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict and the UN General Assembly First Committee, both in 2024[1]. At the First Committee, Myanmar also highlighted the use of explosive weapons in Sudan[2].</span><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span></span></p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW88478830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW88478830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW88478830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW88478830 BCX0\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">United Nations Security Council, S/PV.9632 (Resumption 2), 22 May 2024, </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW88478830 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/142/87/pdf/n2414287.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/142/87/pdf/n2414287.pdf</span></span></a><span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> ; Camilla Molyneux, ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’, First Committee Monitor, Vol.22, No.3, 19 October 2024, </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW88478830 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM24/FCM-2024-No3.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM24/FCM-2024-No3.pdf</span></span></a><span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW88478830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW88478830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW88478830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph TrackedChange SCXW88478830 BCX0\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Camilla Molyneux, ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’, First Committee Monitor, Vol.22, No.3, 19 October 2024, </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW88478830 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM24/FCM-2024-No3.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM24/FCM-2024-No3.pdf</span></span></a><span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"149","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"NA","countryName":"Namibia"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Namibia has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did, however, participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration, where it called for an outright commitment to stop the use of EWIPA. Namibia also argued that provisions on victim assistance should be strengthened, by better defining victim assistance, what assistance is needed, and taking into account families and others affected. [1]</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Namibia endorsed the Ireland-led joint statement during the 74th United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2019.[2] The statement encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of EWIPA on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international political declaration on this issue.[3]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></a><span>; ‘More than 70 States Engage in Discussions on Political Declaration’. INEW. February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/more-than-70-states-engage-in-discussions-on-political-declaration/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/more-than-70-states-engage-in-discussions-on-political-declaration/</span></a><span>;</span><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"150","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"NR","countryName":"Nauru"}}},"region":"Pacific","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Nauru has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"151","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"NP","countryName":"Nepal"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Nepal has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"54","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"NL","countryName":"Netherlands"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">The Netherlands <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.<span> </span>The Netherlands regularly delivered statements throughout the consultations towards a Political Declaration[1], as well as raising concerns around explosive weapons in populated areas and expressing support for a Political Declaration in other multilateral forums.</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Early in the consultation process, the Netherlands emphasised that the Declaration should recognise that <strong>existing International Humanitarian Law (IHL) provides a sufficient framework to address the problem of explosive weapons in populated areas and should not ignore the threat posed by non-state and state actors who knowingly violate IHL</strong>. It also expressed <strong>support for better data collection as well as the sharing of information and good practices</strong>. The Netherlands also stressed the need for the Declaration to encourage states that have not yet done so to <strong>develop operational policies and procedures that will minimise the civilian harm in operations</strong>, and to contribute to enhancing transparency on the underlying causes of the civilian harm caused by operations in urban areas by supporting efforts on data collection.[2]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">These themes were repeated throughout the Netherlands’ statements to the consultations. At the second round of consultations in Geneva in February 2020, the Netherlands reiterated the call for a <strong>stronger focus on non-state actors</strong> and said that the Political Declaration must not weaken IHL by being selective in references or abbreviating or restating it.[3] Regarding data collection, it agreed the Declaration should encourage states to take “all practical measures” so as not to impose unreasonable or unrealistic burdens. It also supported the suggestion that, rather than trying to provide an exhaustive list of ways to disaggregate data, it would support a broader reference “disaggregating where appropriate”.[4] As consultations progressed, the Netherlands reiterated its belief that “existing International Humanitarian Law (IHL) provides the necessary framework to protect civilians during warfare in all contexts” and therefore “<strong>the Political Declaration should first and foremost address the implementation-deficit of existing IHL</strong>”.[5] It also reiterated its belief that <strong>lack of compliance with IHL is the primary cause of civilian casualties and harm to civilian infrastructure</strong> [6] and expressed <strong>strong support for the inclusion of reverberating effects in the Political Declaration,</strong> saying it should properly recognise the differing impacts of explosive weapons[7].</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The Netherlands attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration the Netherlands was on the panel on ‘Military policies and </span><span>practises</span><span>’. It <strong>spoke about national efforts undertaken to reduce risk to civilians, including an ongoing baseline study on civilian harm mitigation</strong>, focusing on </span><span>minimising</span><span> and responding to harm and which is <strong>to inform a civilian harm mitigation policy</strong>. The Netherlands stated that mitigating civilian harm from the use of</span><span> explosive weapons in populated areas was a part of this study, which draws on available literature and expert interviews and discusses doctrine, training, leadership, ammunition systems, and response system among other topics. Despite the baseline study not being concluded, the Netherlands shared some preliminary findings, highlighting the country’s track record on IHL compliance and education, in particular that an independent party reviews every case in which the Dutch Armed Forces uses force. The Nether</span><span>lands stated that the <strong>military does not operate with terms such as civilian harm mitigation or explosive weapons in populated areas, but rather about IHL compliance and avoiding collateral damage. This, however, its study had found to be incorrect, as almost half of the civilian casualties reviewed were due to misidentification, which requires a different response</strong> to that of collateral damage, it said. It further <strong>found that in half of the cases of civilians harmed, explosive weapons had been used</strong>, and accou</span><span>nted for more than 90 percent of the civilian deaths and injuries. The Netherlands stated that it has <strong>restrictions on the kind of weapons it uses</strong>, and does not use cluster munitions, anti personnel mines or dumb bombs. It <strong>almost exclusively uses precision guided munitions or other munitions that have less wide area effects</strong>. The Netherlands also <strong>concluded that not using explosive weapons at all was the best solution</strong>, but <strong>also spoke of kinetic (improved) targeting which could draw on more capabilities to reac</strong></span><span><strong>h less lethal effects</strong>.[8] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p4\">The Netherlands has on several occasions spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, including at meetings of the UN General Assembly First Committee. Here, the Netherlands emphasised the <strong>need for concrete and practical measures to limit casualties and damage from explosive weapons in populated areas, stressing that much will depend on the exact circumstances and context in which weapons are used</strong>.[9] <span>During the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2022, the Netherlands welcomed the conclusion of the Political Declaration and announced its intention to sign it.[10]</span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Alongside its individual statements, the Netherlands has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. As a member of the European Union (EU), The Netherlands has signed onto numerous joint statements <strong>condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</strong>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict [11] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee[12], as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on war in cities where the EU expressed concern over the <strong>indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</strong>.[13] At the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, the EU also stated that given the significant impact of the explosive weapons in populated areas its use should be restricted or avoided. [14] The EU, with the Netherlands signing on, has also <strong>repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it <span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians.</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">The Netherlands also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>.”[15]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">The Netherlands endorsed the Ireland-led joint statement on explosive weapons in populated areas during the 74th UN General Assembly First Committee in October 2019.[16] The statement, delivered by Ireland, encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration on this issue.[17] <span>As a member of the Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, the Netherlands has also supported statements at the UN Security Council stressing the <strong>importance of</strong></span><span><strong> respecting IHL and the need to enhance the protection of civilians from the effects of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong></span>[18]. At the 2024 debate, the Group highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that “the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations.” To that end, the Political Declaration was identified as providing “practical tools that en sure that protection is real and effective.”[19] <span>At the </span>UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict on 23 May 2023 the Group of Friends of Action on Conflict and Hunger, of which Netherlands is also a member, strongly welcomed the Political Declaration, called on other states to join it, and said that the Oslo Conference will provide a critical opportunity to make progress in implementing the Declaration.[20]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Implementation of the Political Declaration</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW58897001 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In February 2024, INEW and EWM conducted a state survey into endorser states' national efforts to disseminate and implement the Political Declaration. In the survey, the Netherlands reported that it <strong>had </strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>disseminated the Political Declaration</strong>. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>It has been <strong>distributed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and </strong></span><strong>Defence</strong><span><strong> at “a corporate level</strong>, to all stakeholders, including the ministers themselves”. The Netherlands stated that “in the Dutch context, political statements are not distributed one-on-one among all military personnel. <strong>Political guidance, such as this declaration, is implemented in our doctrine, education and training, as well as in our TTP’s</strong> [tactics, techniques and procedures], that are updated in ord</span><span>er to act in accordance with political guidance.” The Netherlands also stated that it <strong>is</strong> <strong>conducting a broad and extensive baseline study on civilian harm mitigation</strong>, “to identify opportunities to advance our civilian harm mitigation and response efforts on the whole. In 2024 this will lead to conclusions and recommendations on adjusting doctrine, education, training and TTPs. EWIPA is an important and integral part of this broader effort that the MoD is undertaking\".[21]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW58897001 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The Netherlands reported that it has</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> <strong>nominated a point person responsible for the implementation of the Declaration</strong>, </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>a </span><span>Ltcol</span><span>. in its Ministry of </span><span>Defence</span><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW58897001 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The Netherlands has</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> not conducted briefings, workshops or trainings on the content of the Declaration</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> and plans for its domestic implementation. However, it stated that it “is certainly an </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>option the MoD is seriously considerin</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>g. This will be determined in 2024 as part of the implementation phase of the recommendations of the broader baseline study on Civilian Harm Mitigation (CHM). EWIPA is an important and integral part of this”.[22]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW58897001 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The Netherlands stated that it </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>had reviewed existing laws, policies, code, approaches, practices</strong> or similar relevant to the protection of civilians</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, to identify areas where further policy development is necessary to meet the Declaration’s commitments and avoid harm. It </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>highlighted its baseline study on Civilian Harm and Mitigation</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, which will lead to conclusions and recommendations on adjusting doctrine, education, training and TTPS. The Netherlands stated that its doctrine, education, training, leadership, TTPs and </span><span>weaponeering</span><span>, as well</span><span> as international laws and obligations could help it implement the Declaration.[23]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW58897001 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Upon a question about whether the Netherlands had faced any</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> <strong>challenges in implementing the Declaration</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, the Netherlands shared that “anticipating the conclusions and recommendations of the MoD baseline study on CHM, at least the following possible challenges have already been identified:</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Paragraph SCXW58897001 BCX0\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"><strong>How to (better) take ‘reverberating effects’ into account</strong> during the conduct of military operations, and especially during dynamic operations?</span></li>\n<li class=\"Paragraph SCXW58897001 BCX0\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\">How to <strong>(better) respond to inflicted Civilian Harm resulting from the use of Explosive Weapons</strong>?”[24]</span></li>\n</ul>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW58897001 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The Netherlands shared information about other initiatives pertaining to strengthening the protection of civilians from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">policy initiatives related to civilian harm mitigation focusing on civilian harm response, investigations, transparency and accountability</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, and pointed to a letter to the Dutch House of Representatives from a MoD minister setting out a step-by-step approach on improvements in the field of civilian harm mitigation. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW58897001 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The Netherlands also highlighted its </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">collaboration with the US’ Department of Defence, through a ‘Contact Group’ with the aim of “fostering discussion on civilian harm mitigation among militaries from a policy perspective, facilitating the sharing of experiences and best practices, including EWIPA.</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>” </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW58897001 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>It also shared that the Ministry of </span><span>Defence</span><span> <strong>was </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">engaging in ongoing structured dialogue with external stakeholders</span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, </span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><strong>including international and non-governmental organisations and academics</strong></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong> </strong>to improve its broader civilian harm mitigation policies, which “</span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">assist in furthering our thought and actions on implementation of the EWIPA declaration</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>.</strong>”[25]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW58897001 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>To view all of the Netherland’s responses to the INEW and EWM state survey, and other states’ responses, see the </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW58897001 BCX0\" href=\"https://explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/reports/1/explosive-weapons-monitor-2023/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Explosive Weapons Monitor 2023</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, Chapter III on </span><span>Universalisation</span><span> and Implementation of the Political Declaration. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Statement at Geneva Consultation on Protecting Civilians in Urban Warfare Geneva’. Permanent Mission of the Netherlands to the United Nations. 18 November 2019. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/18Nov_Netherlands.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/18Nov_Netherlands.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Ibid.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Ibid.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Comments on the Draft Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from Humanitarian Harm Arising From the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of the Netherlands to the United Nations. March 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Netherlands-March2020.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Netherlands-March2020.pdf</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Introductory remarks’. Permanent Mission of the Netherlands to the United Nations. 6-9 April 2022. </span><a href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/Netherlands.pdf\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/Netherlands.pdf.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\"><span>Reaching Critical Will, ‘notes from the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway’, April 2024.</span></li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>UNGA69 First Committee General Debate Statement’. Permanent Mission of the Netherlands to the United Nations. 10 October 2014. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/10Oct_Netherlands.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/10Oct_Netherlands.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘UNGA70 First Committee General Debate Statement’. Permanent Mission of the Netherlands to the United Nations. 26 October 2015. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_Netherlands.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_Netherlands.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘UNGA71 UN First Committee General Debate Statement’. Permanent Mission of the Netherlands to the United Nations. 20 October 2016. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/20Oct_Netherlands.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/20Oct_Netherlands.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘UNGA72 General Assembly First Committee General Debate Statement’. Permanent Mission of the Netherlands to the United Nations. 18 October 2017. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_Netherlands.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_Netherlands.pdf</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">‘Statement of the Netherlands delivered by H.E. Robert in den Bosch Permanent Representative of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the Conference on Disarmament and Ambassador at large at the Seventy-Seventh Session of the General Assembly First Committee General Debate’, 11 October 2022, <a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com22/statements/11Oct_Netherlands.pdf\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com22/statements/11Oct_Netherlands.pdf</a></li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></a><span>; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022. <a href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</a>. </li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. <a href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</a> </li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Netherlands’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/223.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/223.html</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\"><span>Ibid. </span></li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li class=\"p7\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. <a href=\"hhttps://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\">hhttps://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</a></li>\n<li class=\"p7\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1) </li>\n<li class=\"p7\">The Netherlands’ response to the International Network on Explosive Weapons and the Explosive Weapons Monitor’s State Survey, March 2024.</li>\n<li class=\"p7\">Ibid.</li>\n<li class=\"p7\">Ibid.</li>\n<li class=\"p7\">Ibid. </li>\n<li class=\"p7\">Ibid. </li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"55","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"NZ","countryName":"New Zealand"}}},"region":"Pacific","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">New Zealand <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.<span> </span>At the endorsing conference in Dublin, New Zealand called on all states to endorse the Declaration as a meaningful contribution towards reducing civilian harm as a result of urban conflict. It also reiterated its commitment in promoting the Declaration in the Indo-Pacific region with a view to achieving its universalisation and full implementation[1].</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">New Zealand regularly delivered statements throughout the consultations towards a Political Declaration[2], as well as raising concerns around explosive weapons in populated areas and expressing support for a Political Declaration in other multilateral forums. Early in the consultation process New Zealand highlighted four key points which it considered to be central to an effective Political Declaration: a focus on <strong>addressing the high likelihood of harm to civilians and civilian objects when explosive weapons with wide area effects are used in populated area</strong>s and an acknowledgment that <strong>this harm includes the indirect or reverberating effects</strong>; a focus on <strong>compliance with existing obligations under International Humanitarian Law (IHL)</strong>; add value from a policy perspective, in particular through <strong>practical guidance on how to respond to the challenges of protecting civilians and civilian objects</strong> during conflict in urban areas; and the Political Declaration should not be an end in itself but rather a l<strong>aunching pad for further engagement and action</strong> to address the harm caused by explosive weapons.[3]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">These points were often reflected in New Zealand’s statements to the consultations as they progressed. In the second round of consultations, New Zealand said that the Political Declaration should be as clear as possible about what it is adding to ensure IHL can be better implemented with respect to the use of EWIPA, and <strong>supported the inclusion of an implementation process for the Declaration</strong>.[4] In later consultations it opposed the use of the word “refrain”, considering it insufficient when the use of weapons that are inherently indiscriminate is prohibited outright under IHL. New Zealand also encouraged the <strong>inclusion of detail and specificity on what could be considered unclear terms such as “indirect” and “reverberating” as well as regarding obligations such as military cooperation and sharing of good practices</strong>.[5] Alongside numerous other states it <strong>opposed the use of qualifiers such as “can cause harm” in the text, and supported an expanded list of direct effects of explosive weapons in populated areas including the destruction of hospitals</strong>.[6] New Zealand also expressed support for a follow-up mechanism, and spoke on the <strong>importance of any and all follow-up processes retaining inclusivity toward and participation of civil society organizations</strong>.[7]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>New Zealand attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. At the conference, New Zealand </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>shared that its implementation efforts have required close collaboration between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the New Zealand Defence Force</strong>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> This has “included a </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>stocktake of our existing work to understand what we are already doing well, and to identify areas we could improve</strong>, such as <strong>routinely raising implementation and universalisation in military-to-military exchanges</strong>”</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. New Zealand drew attention to three concrete examples of its policies and practices pertaining to the Declaration. The</span><span> “Defence Force’s Manual of Armed Forces Law recognises from the outset that armed conflict is now frequently conducted in areas inhabited by civilians, including refugees and displaced persons. The Manual, and training of all soldiers and officers throughout their careers includes comprehensive information on our obligations under international law.” New Zealand recently refreshed its </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">criteria for assessing proposed exports of military, dual-use and catch-all goods under its domestic controls regime, explicitly listing the Political Declaration</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong> in its assessment criteria</strong>, committing exports to be consistent with it. New Zealand shared that its Defence Force “strives to include Legal Advisers in each deployment where kinetic targeting may be involved” to ensure that its activities always are in line with international humanitarian law. New Zealand also stated that its recently released Disarmament and Arms Control Strategy for 2024-26 makes specific reference to the Declaration, and directs its efforts toward</span><span>s uptake and implementation, particularly in the Indo-Pacific.[8]</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"p6\">New Zealand has on several occasions spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, primarily to stress the g<strong>rave destruction caused by use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including destruction of civilian infrastructure, and the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of such use including displacement</strong>. New Zealand issued statements on explosive weapons in populated areas at UN Security Council Open Debates on the Protection of Civilians in February 2013,[9] May 2017,[10] and in May 2019[11]. It also referred to the explosive weapons in populated areas at UN General Assembly First Committee in 2015,[12] urging to explore ways to minimise harm from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. New Zealand also issued a statement at the UN General Assembly First Committee Debate on Conventional Weapons in October 2016, welcoming the process for a Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas.[13] In 2017, New Zealand <strong>stressed the “downstream consequences” of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> at the UN General Assembly First Committee.[14] New Zealand reiterated its views at the 2018 UN General Assembly First Committee[15] and in 2023 and 2024 repeated its call for states to join the Political Declaration, including states from the Indo-Pacific region[16]. <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the same meeting in 2024, New Zealand stated that civilian harm in conflict is at alarming levels, including due to the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, expressed deep concern about the extensive use of explosive weapons in the Middle East, and </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>called on all States to join and give practical effect to t</span><span>he Declaration in their own policies and practices on explosive weapons use.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> This, New Zealand stated, “</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>starts with acknowledgement of the harm these weapons are causing</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>”. It also c</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>alled on all parties to the conflicts to facilitate rapid, safe, and unhindered humanitarian access to those in need, and to provide victim assistanc</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>e.[17] Similarly, at the 2024 Meeting of the High Contracting Parties of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, New Zealand took the opportunity to highlight the Political </span><span>Declaration, stating that “as conflicts waged in urban areas worsen and civilians are disproportionately impacted, we call on all States to join and give practical effect to this Declaration in their own policies and practices.”[18]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p6\">Alongside its individual statements, New Zealand has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. In 2018 and 2019, it joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm[19].</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">New Zealand also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit <a href=\"http://www.agendaforhumanity.org/core-commitments\"><span>Core Commitments</span></a> to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including: “Commit to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>.”[20]<span> It supported the statement by Austria to the World Humanitarian Summit in which Austria pledged to continue to engage in raising international awareness about the challenge for the protection of civilians in armed conflict posed by the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas and committed to support the collection of data on civilian harm.[21] </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Implementation of the Political Declaration</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW11643270 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In February 2024, INEW and EWM conducted a state survey into endorser states' national efforts to disseminate and implement the Political Declaration. In the survey, New Zealand reported that it <strong>had </strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>disseminated the Political Declaration</strong>. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In the lead up to, and following the adoption of the Declaration, New Zealand reported that it had engaged with the Ministry of </span><span>Defence</span><span>, the </span><span>Defence</span><span> Forces and its diplomatic network to raise awareness of it. New Zealand also shared that in November 2022, the then-Minister for Disarmament and Arms Control participated in a forum on protecting civilians from harm from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the Political Declaration.[22] In addition, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the </span><span>Defence</span><span> Forces have provided briefings to the Public Advisory Committee on Disarmament and Arms Control.[23]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW11643270 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>New Zealand reported that it has</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> <strong>nominated a point person responsible for the implementation</strong> of the Declaration </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>at the <strong>Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, which leads its all-of-government coordination for the Declaration</strong>.[24]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW11643270 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>New Zealand <strong>reported that it has conducted briefings, workshops or training on the content of the Political Declaration</strong> and plans for its implementation. The</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span><span>Defence</span><span> Forces “has in place targeting, planning and protocols that ensure protection of civilian populations in respect of all munitions</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. The reduction in civilian harm is part of established routine from recruit onwards”, including international humanitarian law, as “restated/required under the” Political Declaration. In addition, New Zealand stated that “a comprehensive briefing package is delivered at recruit training and officer training on Geneva Convention obligations. This includes coverage of the </span><span>Law of Armed Conflict through the Manual of Armed Forces Law - Law of Armed Conflict - DM 69 (2 ed) Volume 4, which covers IHL and several elements of the Declaration, e.g.</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW11643270 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘It is prohibited to use weapons or munitions that:</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span></span></span></p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Paragraph SCXW11643270 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Are of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering;</span></span></li>\n<li class=\"Paragraph SCXW11643270 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Indiscriminate in their effect; or</span></span></li>\n<li class=\"Paragraph SCXW11643270 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Intended or likely to cause widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment.’”[25]</span></span></li>\n</ul>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW11643270 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Upon a question about whether its government and/or armed forces had reviewed existing laws, policies, codes, approaches, practices or similar relevant to the protection of civilians, to identify areas where further policy development is necessary to meet the commitments under the Declaration and avoid civilian harm, New Zealand stated that <strong>as part of its domestic process to endorse the Declaration, it </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">determined that existing defence policy and practices were consistent with the objectives of the Declaration</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>.</strong> New Zealand shared that its</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade works closely with the Ministry of </span><span>Defence</span><span> and the </span><span>Defence</span><span> Forces to track implementation</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> of the Declaration’s commitments. New Zealand stated that its <strong>updated export control regime explicitly lists the Political Declaration</strong> as an example of non-binding commitment that a proposed export should be consistent with. In addition, New Zealand stated that it <strong>has “identified that further work could be done to promote the update and implementation of the Declaration through the course of existing and international engagements</strong> and military-to-military exchanges.” To achieve this, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade is working with the Ministry of </span><span>Defence</span><span> and Armed Forces to identify relevant opportunities.[26]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW11643270 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>New Zealand <strong>identified a number of policies, practices, laws or doctrine that it had determined could be used to implement the Declaration’s commitments</strong>. It shared that the Law of Armed Conflict through the Manual of Armed Forces Law - Law of Armed Conflict - DM 69 (2 ed) Volume 4, whilst not specifically citing the Political Declaration aligns with its commitments. In addition it highlighted the Annual Report: </span><span>Defence</span><span> Force Order 35, which is a transparency initiative which </span><span>summarises</span><span> the </span><span>Defence</span><span> Forces’ response to civilian harm, the Export Controls assessment criteria, and Mine Action in its international aid programming.[27]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW11643270 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>New Zealand <strong>identified having adequate resourcing, including staff, time and finances</strong>, to dedicate to promoting the Declaration <strong>as a possible challenge in its planning for or implementation of the commitments set out in the Declaration</strong>.[28]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW11643270 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>New Zealand highlighted other initiatives pertaining to strengthening the protection of civilians from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including its Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade presenting on explosive use in populated areas to the </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW11643270 BCX0\" href=\"https://reliefweb.int/report/world/regional-consultative-group-rcg-humanitarian-civil-military-coordination-asia-and-pacific-eighth-session-agenda-hua-hin-thailand-01-03-december-2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Regional Consultative Group (RCG) on Humanitarian Civil-Military Coordination for Asia and the Pacific</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> in December 2022, national statements drawing attention to the use of explosive weapons and Declaration at the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023 and Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in November 2023, and in a </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW11643270 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.beehive.govt.nz/speech/speech-disarmament-and-security-centre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>speech the to Disarmament and Security Centre</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> in March 2021.[29]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW11643270 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>To view all of New Zealand’s responses to the INEW and EWM state survey, and other states’ responses, see the </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW11643270 BCX0\" href=\"https://explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/reports/1/explosive-weapons-monitor-2023/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Explosive Weapons Monitor 2023</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, Chapter III on </span><span>Universalisation</span><span> and Implementation of the Political Declaration. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Statement by H.E. Lucy Duncan Ambassador for Disarmament’. New Zealand. 18 November 2022. </span><a href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/New-Zealand.pdf\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/New-Zealand.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Statement to the EWIPA Open Consultations on Political Declaration’. Permanent Mission of New Zealand to the United Nations. 18 November 2019. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/18Nov_NZ.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/18Nov_NZ.pdf</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Ibid.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Consultations on EWIPA Elements Paper, Interventions by New Zealand’. Permanent Mission of New Zealand to the United Nations. 10 February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/10Feb_NZ.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/10Feb_NZ.pdf</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Submission on the Draft Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from Humanitarian Harm arising from the use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of New Zealand to the United Nations. March 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/NewZealand-March2020.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/NewZealand-March2020.pdf</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Ibid. See also: </span><span>‘Statement by Nicholas Clutterbuck Deputy Permanent Representative to the Conference on Disarmament.’ New Zealand. April 2022. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/April2022_NewZealand-Section4.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/April2022_NewZealand-Section4.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">New Zealand, ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Oslo Conference 2024 Session 1: Military policies and practises’, 23 April 2024, <a href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/New_Zealand_Session_1_291b826496.pdf\">https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/New_Zealand_Session_1_291b826496.pdf</a> </li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.6917. 12 February 2013. Available from:</span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917(Resumption1).</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7951. 25 May 2017. Available from: </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7951\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7951.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8534. 23 May 2019. Available from: </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘UNGA70 First Committee Statement’. Permanent Mission of New Zealand to the United Nations. 26 October 2015. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_NZ.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_NZ.pdf</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘UNGA71 First Committee Statement’. Permanent Mission of New Zealand to the United Nations. 21 October 2016. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/21Oct_NZ.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/21Oct_NZ.pdf</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘UNGA72 First Committee Statement’. Permanent Mission of New Zealand to the United Nations. 20 October 2017. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/20Oct_NZ.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/20Oct_NZ.pdf</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘UNGA73 UN General Assembly First Committee Statement’. Permanent Mission of New Zealand to the United Nations. 29 October 2018. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_NewZealand.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_NewZealand.pdf</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘New Zealand Statement delivered by Permanent Representative, H.E. Ms. Carolyn Schwalger’. New Zealand Permanent Mission to the United Nations. 30 October 2023. </span><a href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/3Oct_AotearoaNewZealand.pdf\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/3Oct_AotearoaNewZealand.pdf; </span></a>United Nations General Assembly: First Committee 2024 – General Debate statement New Zealand Statement delivered by Ambassador for Disarmament and Permanent Representative to the Conference on Disarmament, H.E. Lucy Duncan’, 8 October 2024, <a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/8Oct_NZ.pdf\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/8Oct_NZ.pdf</a>;</p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">Ibid.</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">‘New Zealand General Statement, delivered by H.E. Lucy Duncan, Permanent Representative to the United Nations and other International Organisations in Geneva’, 13 November 2024, <a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/13Nov_NZ.pdf\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/13Nov_NZ.pdf</a> </li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. <a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></a>; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. Available from <a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. Available from: <a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></a>.</p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘New Zealand’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/224.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/224.html</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. </span><span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/123.html\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/123.html</a></span><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\"><span>The forum was organised by Peace Movement Aotearoa and New Zealand Red Cross, in association with UN Youth New Zealand and WILPF Wellington. New Zealand’s response to the International Network on Explosive Weapons and the Explosive Weapons Monitor’s State Survey, March 2024</span></li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\"><span>New Zealand’s response to the International Network on Explosive Weapons and the Explosive Weapons Monitor’s State Survey, March 2024.</span></li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\"><span>Ibid. </span></li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\"><span>Ibid.</span></li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\"><span>Ibid.</span></li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\"><span>Ibid.</span></li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\"><span>Ibid. </span></li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\"><span>Ibid. </span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"152","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"NI","countryName":"Nicaragua"}}},"region":"Latin_America","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Nicaragua has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration, though expressed its support for the process. </span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"153","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"NE","countryName":"Niger"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Niger has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Niger has aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. At the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in May 2021, the A3+1 (of which Niger is a member, alongside Kenya, Tunisia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines), <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">condemned the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, highlighting the grave impacts for civilians</strong>.[1] They also specifically expressed alarm at the bombings in Gaza and hostilities in the other occupied Palestinian territories, and called for full implementation of the ceasefire and provision of humanitarian assistance to Palestinians. At the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in May 2023, the Group of Friends of Action on Conflict and Hunger, of which Niger is a member, <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">strongly welcomed the Political Declaration, called on other states to join it, and said that the Oslo Conference will provide a critical opportunity to make progress in implementing the Declaration</strong>.[2]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Niger aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[3]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Acheson, R. 2021. ‘Protecting Civilians by Preventing Conflict’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 June 2021. </span><a href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15343-protecting-civilians-by-preventing-conflict\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15343-protecting-civilians-by-preventing-conflict. </span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1). </span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>. </span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"154","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"NG","countryName":"Nigeria"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Nigeria has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It participated in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration where it renewed its commitment to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">pursue the actualization of the Maputo Communiqué</strong> and reiterated its support for <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">cooperation and partnerships with international organisations and civil society to draw upon their expertise and support in the area of victim assistance and rehabilitation</strong>. It also repeated its support for the p<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">romotion of bilateral and regional cooperation through sharing of experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and said it remained open to engage constructively in the process of the Political Declaration.[1]</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>In 2017, Nigeria endorsed the communiqué arising from the Maputo Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas.[2] The Maputo Communiqué discussed the harms of explosive weapons in populated areas, the role of African states in working against it, and the need to create a Political Declaration on the matter. The 19 African states present agreed to work independently and cooperatively to, <em style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">inter alia</em>: <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; encourage <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">collection of data and information</strong>; fully <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">support the process towards adoption of an international Political Declaration</strong>; promote <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">bilateral and regional cooperation through sharing experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm</strong> caused by explosive weapons to civilians; constructively <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engage in discussions and initiatives at international level</strong> that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; foster deeper and further <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engagement from African States</strong>; and strengthen <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Nigeria is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), which aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to “Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity” in May 2016, including the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[3]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Nigeria also endorsed the Ireland-led joint statement during the 74th United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2019.[4] The statement encouraged states to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration</strong> on this issue.[5]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 3’. </span><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWCKiv5gpPI\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWCKiv5gpPI.</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Communiqué from Maputo Regional Conference on the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 28 November 2017. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/233.html.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"88","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"MK","countryName":"North Macedonia"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>The Republic of North Macedonia has endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">North Macedonia attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>North Macedonia has aligned with several statements delivered by the European Union (EU) on the issue of EWIPA, <span data-contrast=\"none\">including at the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilian in Armed Conflict, when the EU expressed that given the significant impact of the </span><span data-contrast=\"none\">explosive weapons in populated areas its use should be restricted or avoided</span><span data-contrast=\"none\">.[1] At</span></span><span> the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, in which the EU <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">w</strong></span><strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span>elcomed the political declaration and highlighted the importance of its adoption</span></strong><span>. The EU also highlighted the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">work ahead for implementing the declaration’s commitments</strong>, including at the 2024 Oslo Conference.</span>[2]<span></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>In 2018 and 2019, North Macedonia joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[3]</span></p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW257861697 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW257861697 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW257861697 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW257861697 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>‘Statement on Conventional Weapons’. The European Union. 23 October 2023.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW257861697 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW257861697 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW257861697 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW257861697 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW257861697 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW257861697 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW257861697 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW257861697 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW257861697 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW257861697 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW257861697 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW257861697 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>;</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW257861697 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"56","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"NO","countryName":"Norway"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Norway </span><span>was<strong> actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration</strong> on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022<span data-contrast=\"none\">, and hosted the first international conference on the Declaration in April 2024.</span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span>At the endorsement conference, Norway said that the Political Declaration </span>represents both the <strong>acknowledgement of humanitarian suffering caused by explosive weapons in populated areas, and the commitment to take action to mitigate its consequences</strong>. It expressed <strong>support for the implementation phase</strong> and said it looked forward to confirming Norway’s firm ambition to stay the course.<span>[1] </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Norway regularly delivered statements throughout the consultations towards a Political Declaration. <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Early in the process, it outlined its belief that the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">objective of the Declaration should be to strengthen International Humanitarian Law </span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">(IHL), adding that the Declaration should include </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">encouragement of cooperation among states and/or with civil society to build a community of practice</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.[2] Throughout the consultations, <strong>Norway </strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>opposed use of qualifiers such as “can cause harm”</strong> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">in the text, but especially </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">where</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> used to weaken the causal connection between use of explosive weapons in populated areas and civilian harm. Norway <strong>firmly </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">opposed attempts to restrict the Declaration to addressing only ‘indiscriminate’ use of explosive weapons in populated areas,</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">[3] and raised specific </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>concerns with the phrase “restrict use” in the draft text, suggesting it be replaced with “minimise” which more clearly asks for as little use of explosive weapons in populated areas as possible</strong>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW89493252 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>Norway committed to continue its international leadership working towards the universalisation and implementation of the Political Declaration</strong> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">alongside Ireland and Costa Rica during the first international follow-up conference in Oslo in April 2024. The Troika - representing the past, present and incoming Chairs of the process - stressed the continued severe humanitarian suffering and destruction caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas in multiple ongoing conflicts and set out concrete recommendations for the way forward. The Troika reaffirmed that efforts to implement the Declaration at the national level must continue and be reinforced through the development and improvement of policies and practices, including on restricting or refraining from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas when such use is expected to cause harm to civilians or civilian objects. It also emphasised the need for states to gain a thorough understanding of direct and indirect effects, obtained through data collection and sharing, and factoring such efforts into the planning and conduct of military and security operations. The Troika also called for states to increase assistance to victims and communities affected by armed conflict[4].</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW61447220 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Norway was an active participant in the consultations towards the Political Declaration. Norway’s position that the Political Declaration’s objective should be to strengthen international humanitarian law, was emphasised through statements that the Declaration must not weaken IHL by being selective in references or abbreviating or restating it</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">[5] Norway supported the inclusion of reverberating effects of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. Simultaneously, it raised concerns about the “relatively new” term, noting that both direct and indirect effects are already a part of its own operational decision-making. Whilst reverberating effects were less familiar, it emphasised that its inclusion in the Declaration was nonetheless important.[6] Norway asked that the Declaration should </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">clearly acknowledge the specific risks to children, as well as the particular challenge of clearance of explosive remnants of war and the environmental effects of use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.[7] In addition, Norway noted that 3.3’s most important added value is in </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">developing policies and practices to avoid civilian harm</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, for which IHL already “provides a solid toolbox”. Norway also spoke to its support for a regular schedule of meetings to ensure the Declaration remains relevant.[8] At the final consultation in June 2022, Norway commended the text and said that the Declaration reflects a clear </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">commitment to review and improve the way states conduct their military operations</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> to make significant efforts to strengthen the protection of civilians from the harm that explosive weapons in populated areas causes[9].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW61447220 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Norway has spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, primarily to condemn the harm caused to civilians and call for international action on the issue. In April 2024, </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Norway hosted the first follow-up conference on the implementation of the Political Declaration</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. The conference, attended by almost 90 states, multiple UN agencies, the ICRC and some 50 civil society organisations, focused on taking stock of states’ efforts towards national implementation of the Declaration. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>Norway’s State Secretary for Foreign Affairs spoke about the “destruction and harm caused by explosive weapons” in populated areas</strong>,</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> drawing attention to ongoing use, particularly in Gaza, but also in Ukraine, Syria, Yemen, Sudan and Myanmar.[10] The </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">widespread impact from the destruction of critical infrastructure, and the lasting physical and mental trauma</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong> </strong>experienced by many victims was emphasised. The Political </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>Declaration was highlighted as a key tool to improve the protection of and assistance </strong>to civilians</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> in armed conflict. To achieve this, Norway emphasised that the Declaration’s<strong> </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">commitments must be translated into actions</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.[11]</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">It suggested that endorsing states should consider adapting existing operational, tactical and legal guidance, policy and practice.[12] “</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Educat</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">[ion] of military personnel on the implications of using explosive weapons in populated areas”, and providing training, resources and guidance, were identified as activities to support this.[13] Beyond this, Norway called for</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> efforts towards making the Declaration’s commitments universal[14].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW61447220 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Norway has spoken against the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at UN Security Council open debates on the protection of civilians in armed conflict.[15] At the</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> May 2022 open debate, Norway welcomed the Political Declaration and said that </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">armed forces must adopt and implement specific policies and practices to avoid civilian harm</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">[16</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">] At</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> the UN Security Council open debate on war in cities on 25 January 2022, Norway said the use of weapons designed for the open battlefield, including heavy explosive weapons, “should be minimised in urban areas.”[17] At the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2022, Norway </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">recognised the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas, reminding states that civilians represent 90 per cent of casualties</strong> <strong>recorded from such use</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. Norway also welcomed the finalised Declaration and announced its intention to sign it.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">[18] At the same meeting in 2024, Norway reiterated the “enormous suffering and widespread civilian harm” caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including both “the direct and indirect effects [which] last for decades, even lifetimes.”[19] Norway stated that “[</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">i</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">]f fully implemented and broadly endorsed, it can improve the way we conduct military operations, address the needs of victims and ensure compliance with IHL.” It encouraged all states to endorse the declaration[20].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW61447220 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Alongside its individual statements, Norway has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2022, the Nordic Countries, of which Norway is a member, welcomed the finalised Political Declaration. The group also said that </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">the Declaration is a positive outcome at a time of increased pressure within the international security environment</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, as well as a good sign that the international community can still work together towards tangible humanitarian goals.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">[21] Norway has also signed onto other joint statements by the Nordic Group that have drawn attention to </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">the importance of adhering to IHL and avoiding the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, including at the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2016, 2024.[22] In these statements, the Nordic Group highlighted the use of explosive weapons in populated areas as an issue that requires immediate attention, including through robust data collection on its impact and the sharing of policies and practices to prevent the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. The Group’s statement in 2024 highlighted the widespread and reverberating harm caused by the destruction of critical infrastructure, and welcomed initiatives that provide a more nuanced understanding of how patterns and types of harm affect different groups and identified the Political Declaration as a concrete tool to minimise such harm effectively.[23] At the UN Security Council open debate on war in cities on 25 January 2022, the Nordic Countries jointly called on all parties to conflict to </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">prevent civilian harm resulting from use of explosive weapons in populated areas, especially those with wide area effects</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.[24</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">] At</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> the UN General Assembly First Committee debate in 2024, the Group expressed concern for the increasing use of explosive weapons in populated areas, stating that it “poses great risk to civilians and civilian infrastructure.”[25] The Group underlined the key role of the Political Declaration herein, and said that “if fully implemented, it can improve the way we conduct military operations and ensure compliance with IHL”, encouraging all states to endorse it.[26]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW61447220 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">the UN Security Council open debate on war in cities on 25 January 2022</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">the Group of Friends of the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, of which Norway is a member, called on states to </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">enhance the protection of civilians, including from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, and took note of the ongoing consultations to develop a Political Declaration on this subject.[27] The Group made similar remarks at the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians on 25 May 2022.[28] </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the same debate </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">in </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">2023</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, the Group noted the adoption of the Political Declaration.[29] In 2024, the Group highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that “the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations.” To that end, the Political Declaration was identified as providing “practical tools that ensure that protection is real and effective.”[30</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">] At</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in May 2023, the Group of Friends of Action on Conflict and Hunger, of which Norway is a member, </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">strongly welcomed the Political Declaration, called on other states to join it, and said that the Oslo Conference will provide a critical opportunity to make progress in implementing the Declaration</span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">[31].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW61447220 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">In 2018 and 2019, Norway joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons</strong> <strong>in populated areas</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm[32].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW61447220 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Norway aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitment to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity, that included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons</strong> in populated areas</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, and <strong>by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use</strong> in the conduct of military operations</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">”[</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">33].</span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"Paragraph SCXW61447220 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span><strong>Implementation of the Political Declaration</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW267773332 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">In February 2024, INEW and EWM conducted a state survey into endorser states' national efforts to disseminate and implement the Political Declaration. In the survey, Norway reported that it <strong>had </strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>disseminated the Political Declaration</strong>. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Its Ministry for Foreign Affairs’ Section for Humanitarian Affairs and the Ministry of Defence’s Section for International Operations and International Law had been responsible for the negotiations. Following the endorsement of the Political Declaration, it had been “disseminated to other relevant sections in the MFA and foreign missions.” In addition, Norway reported that it has</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> <strong>nominated a point person responsible for the implementation </strong>of the Declaration</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> in its Ministry of Foreign Affairs[34].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW267773332 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Norway stated that it </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>would “conduct briefings for Norwegian embassies</strong>,</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> for embassies of other states present in Oslo, </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">and for the MoD [Ministry of Defence] </span></span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">in cooperation with civil society organisations”[35].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW267773332 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>Norway stated its Ministry of Defence is taking part in meetings and cooperating with other states</strong> to identify ways to improve civilian protection in armed conflict more broadly, but that none of these were specific to the Political Declaration[36].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW267773332 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">On universalisation and implementation Norway highlighted its role </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"><strong>hosting the first international conference on the Political Declaration</strong> and membership of the Troika</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, playing an important role in pushing forward national implementation and increasing the number of state endorsers[37].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW267773332 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Beyond this, Norway’s survey response emphasised its international efforts to improve civilian protection more generally, stating it is at “the forefront when it comes to protection of civilians in international fora.” Herein, Norway highlighted being one of the first states to call for a ceasefire in Gaza, the Norwegian Prime Minister leading the Security Council’s meeting on ‘War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians in Urban Settings’ during Norway’s Presidency of the Council in January 2022, and its leadership on the Safe School Declaration[37].</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"></span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW267773332 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">To view all of Norway’s responses to the INEW and EWM state survey, and other states’ responses, see the </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW267773332 BCX0\" href=\"https://explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/reports/1/explosive-weapons-monitor-2023/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Explosive Weapons Monitor 2023</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, Chapter III on Universalisation and Implementation of the Political Declaration.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Morning Session.’</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Statement to EWIPA Consultations Geneva’. Permanent Mission of Norway to the United Nations. 18 November 2019.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/18Nov_Norway.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/18Nov_Norway.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 2’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pK6v1iIZG8A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pK6v1iIZG8A</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">First international follow-up conference to the adoption of the Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences Arising from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (EWIPA Declaration): Outcome statement and recommendations for the way forward. Issued by Costa Rica, Ireland and Norway. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/EWIPA_Troika_Outcome_Statement_8cc0c54c94.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/EWIPA_Troika_Outcome_Statement_8cc0c54c94.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 2’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pK6v1iIZG8A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pK6v1iIZG8A</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. . </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">areas’</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">areas’</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Consultations – Morning’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6kJVfHdXSc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6kJVfHdXSc</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Opening Speech by State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of Norway, Andreas Kravik, April 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/State_Secretary_for_Foreign_Affairs_Andreas_Kravik_Norway_Opening_Session_2dbef51b01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/State_Secretary_for_Foreign_Affairs_Andreas_Kravik_Norway_Opening_Session_2dbef51b01.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Keynote – Rear Admiral Bjørn-Erik Marthinsen/ Norwegian Defence Staff, April 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Rear_Admiral_Bjorn_Erik_Marthinsen_Norway_Session_1_94afdf9a9e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Rear_Admiral_Bjorn_Erik_Marthinsen_Norway_Session_1_94afdf9a9e.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Opening Speech by State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of Norway, Andreas Kravik, April 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/State_Secretary_for_Foreign_Affairs_Andreas_Kravik_Norway_Opening_Session_2dbef51b01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/State_Secretary_for_Foreign_Affairs_Andreas_Kravik_Norway_Opening_Session_2dbef51b01.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.6531. 10 May 2011. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6531(Resumption1)</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7951. 25 May 2017. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7951</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"17\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"18\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Young, K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.2’. Reaching Critical Will. 8 October 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"19\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"19\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Norway Statement First Committee, Cluster 4, Conventional Weapons’, 23 October 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/24Oct_Norway.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/24Oct_Norway.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; see also ‘UN First Committee General debate’, 15 October 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/15Oct_Norway.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/15Oct_Norway.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"20\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"20\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UN First Committee General debate’, 15 October 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/15Oct_Norway.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/15Oct_Norway.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"21\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"21\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Young, K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.2’. Reaching Critical Will. 8 October 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"22\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"22\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7019. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7606. 19 January 2016. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7606</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"23\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"23\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"24\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"24\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"25\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"25\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Nordic Statement October 2024: UNGA 79 First Committee - General Debate,’ </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/7Oct_Nordic.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/7Oct_Nordic.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"26\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"26\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"27\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"27\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"28\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"28\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"29\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"29\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"30\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"30\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1) 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"31\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"31\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"32\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"32\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"33\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"33\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity. ‘Norway’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW236858712 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/227.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/227.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"34\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"34\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Norway’s response to the International Network on Explosive Weapons and the Explosive Weapons Monitor’s State Survey, March 2024. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"35\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"35\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"36\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"36\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW236858712 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"37\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW236858712 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"37\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW236858712 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"155","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"OM","countryName":"Oman"}}},"region":"Middle_East","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Oman has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Oman has expressed concern about the use and impact of explosive weapons in state Group statements. At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2024, a working paper submitted by the Arab Group, of which Oman is a member, </span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">drew attention to the Political Declaration, and the importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">.[1]</span><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Oman is aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’, May 2016, including: “Commit to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[2]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Arab Group, ‘Working Paper: Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon’, 19 November 2024, </span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW235449037 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span><span data-contrast=\"none\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf</span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"> </span><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>. </span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"156","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"PK","countryName":"Pakistan"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Pakistan has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the consultations towards a Political Declaration, though it attended the second round of consultations.</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Pakistan attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Pakistan aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to “Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity” in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas,</strong> and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[1]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>. </span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"57","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"PW","countryName":"Palau"}}},"region":"Pacific","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Palau</span><span> was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span><span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.<strong> </strong></span>At the signing ceremony, Palau expressed support for the declaration and the protection of civilians from the devastating impacts of warfare, <strong>particularly children and humanitarian infrastructure that are critical to civilians</strong>. Palau spoke about the <strong>effects of war that go far beyond the war itself</strong>, saying that the country still suffers from a high rate of illnesses such as throat and mouth cancer associated with soil and water contamination from World War II legacies, and the high presence of <strong>unexploded ordinance and contaminants from explosive weapons</strong>. It expressed its commitment to support the declaration at the national and global level, and said it is continuously seeking resources to build national capacity to implement the declaration.<span>[1]</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\">Palau endorsed the Ireland-led joint statement during the 74th United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2019.[2] The statement encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of EWIPA on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration on this issue.[3]</p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs.</span><span> ‘Watch back. Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Afternoon Session’. </span><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"58","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"PS","countryName":"Palestine"}}},"region":"Middle_East","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Palestine <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. At the endorsing conference in Dublin, Palestine stressed that ending the use of explosive weapons in populated areas is the most effective way to protect civilians, and that it views this Declaration as a positive step forward towards an avoidance policy. It also expressed hope that the adoption of this language will lead states to adopt policies and eventually stop the use of these weapons altogether in populated areas.[1]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Palestine regularly delivered statements throughout the consultations towards a Political Declaration, as well as raising concerns around explosive weapons in populated areas and expressing support for a Political Declaration in other multilateral forums. Early in the consultation process, Palestine stressed <strong>the imperative of a clear commitment to establish a clear presumption against the use of explosive weapons in populated areas that would meaningfully improve the protection of civilians from the grave harms caused by explosive weapons</strong>.[2] Palestine also <strong>opposed the use of the qualifier “can” throughout the text,</strong> as well as the use of “wide area effects” when it believed the substance applied to explosive weapons more generally.[3] It also called for <strong>data collection on reverberating effects and types of weapons used, and suggested disaggregation by disability status in addition to sex and age</strong>.[4] Palestine welcomed proposals to <strong>recognise the efforts of civil society organisations and UN entities</strong>, and suggested the Declaration text should emphasise <strong>an inclusive approach to follow-up meeting</strong>.[5] It also supported s<strong>trong provisions on humanitarian access and relief efforts</strong>.[6]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Palestine reiterated many of these points as consultations progressed, strongly supporting the inclusion of reverberating effects and a presumption of non-use of explosive weapons in populated areas, as well as <strong>clear recognition of the link between the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the grave humanitarian consequences</strong>. Regarding the final draft, it also welcomed <strong>references to accountability</strong>, facilitating humanitarian access, victim assistance, and the role of data collection and analysis to better understand humanitarian impacts[7].</p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Palestine </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong> i</strong>n Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">At<strong> the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration</strong></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> Palestine drew attention to its role in the negotiation of the Declaration and said that it has been a big promoter of it. It</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> highlighted<strong> the</strong> <strong>ongoing use and harm from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas in Gaza </strong>beginning in October 2023</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. Palestine spoke about the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>widespread direct and indirect effects</strong> of explosive weapons use</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> in Gaza, </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">including the destruction of essential infrastructure</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, such as hospitals, homes, roads, telecommunications and education facilities, skyrocketing levels of hunger and malnutrition. It also drew attention to the <strong>tens of thousands of Palestinians killed, including children</strong>. It </span><span>emphasised</span><span> the direct and indirect impact on children. Palestine also spoke about the </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">importance of unhindered humanitarian assistance, victim assistance, reconstruction</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>, justice and accountability</strong>. It also<strong> </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">called for the ban of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, and </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">made a link between the use of explosive weapons and arms export</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>s</strong>.[8]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335557856":16777215,"335559685":0,"335559737":0,"335559738":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":276}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p6\">Palestine has spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. In 2014, at the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, it spoke against the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, describing the <strong>devastating impacts of such weapons in Gaza</strong>.[9] During the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, Palestine <span>referenced the destruction and suffering caused by the use of explosive weapons in the Occupied Palestinian Territories,</span>[10] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>in 2024 </span><span>emphasising</span><span> the use of the ‘most explosive weapons’ used in some of the ‘most densely populated areas in the world’.[11] At the 2024 Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, a working paper submitted by </span><span>Palestine </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>called attention to the use of and direct and indirect harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas in Gaza</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, highlighting the targeting of densely populated areas and civilian objects, including infrastructure, places of worship and refugee camps, and </span><span>emphasises</span><span> the vast amounts of rubble, unexploded ordnance and the efforts, resources and time clearance would take.[12]</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2024, a working paper submitted by the <strong>Arab Group</strong>, of which Palestine is a member, <strong>drew attention to the Political Declaration, and the importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas.</strong>[13] </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"p6\">As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Palestine aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.</strong>”[14]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Implementation of the Political Declaration</strong></span></h2>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">In February 2024, INEW and EWM conducted a state survey into endorser states' national efforts to disseminate and implement the Political Declaration. INEW and EWM spoke to Palestine’s Mission in Geneva about its implementation work. Palestine was not able to submit a written response in time, due to government resources being diverted to responding to the humanitarian consequences from the conflict in Gaza.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p> </p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW135386400 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW135386400 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW135386400 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Morning Session.’</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW135386400 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW135386400 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW135386400 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW135386400 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW135386400 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW135386400 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Draft Political Declaration circulated by Ireland on 17 March 2020: Proposals by the State of Palestine’. Permanent Mission of Palestine to the United Nations.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW135386400 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Palestine-March2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Palestine-March2021.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. See also: Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW135386400 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW135386400 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW135386400 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW135386400 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW135386400 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW135386400 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW135386400 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW135386400 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW135386400 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW135386400 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Second Revised Draft Political Declaration circulated by Ireland on 3 March 2022 Proposals by the State of Palestine’. Permanent Mission of Palestine to the United Nations.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW135386400 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/State-of-Palestine.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/State-of-Palestine.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; Irish Foreign Ministry (2022). Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Consultations – Morning’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW135386400 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6kJVfHdXSc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6kJVfHdXSc</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW135386400 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW135386400 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Reaching Critical Will’s notes from the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration, April 2024. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW135386400 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW135386400 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW135386400 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW135386400 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW135386400 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Young, K. 2023. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.21, No.5’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 November 2023.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW135386400 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>بيان دولة فلسطين يلقيه المستشار قيس كسابري أمام اللجنة </span><span>األولى</span><span> للدورة ٧٩ \"المناقشة العامة لجدول </span><span>األعمال</span><span> المتعلقة بنزع السالح </span><span>واألمن</span><span> الدولي</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>\"’ [Statement: State of Palestine, Counselor Qais </span><span>Kassabri</span><span>, First Committee of the 79th session “General Discussion of the Agenda on Disarmament and International Security”] </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW135386400 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/16Oct_Palestine.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/16Oct_Palestine.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> (statement translated to English with google translate)</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW135386400 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW135386400 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>بيان دولة فلسطين يلقيه المستشار قيس كسابري أمام اللجنة </span><span>األولى</span><span> للدورة ٧٩ \"المناقشة العامة لجدول </span><span>األعمال</span><span> المتعلقة بنزع السالح </span><span>واألمن</span><span> الدولي</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>\"’ [Statement: State of Palestine, Counselor Qais </span><span>Kassabri</span><span>, First Committee of the 79th session “General Discussion of the Agenda on Disarmament and International Security”] </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW135386400 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/16Oct_Palestine.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/16Oct_Palestine.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> (statement translated to English with google translate) </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW135386400 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW135386400 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Working Paper: Submitted by the State of Palestine’, 15 November 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW135386400 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Palestine.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Palestine.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW135386400 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW135386400 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Arab Group, ‘Working Paper: Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon’, 19 November 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW135386400 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW135386400 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW135386400 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW135386400 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘</span><span>Organisation</span><span> of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’ </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW135386400 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"157","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"PA","countryName":"Panama"}}},"region":"Latin_America","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Panama has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did, however, participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration, submitting a written contribution suggesting that the objectives of the declaration should be: “(i) Recognize that <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">parties to armed conflict cannot fight in populated areas in the same way as they would on open battlefield</strong>s; (ii) Address the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">humanitarian and human rights consequences resulting from the use of explosive weapons in areas populated</strong> (cities, towns and refugee camps); (ii) Promote <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">political and operational leadership that reduce the suffering and damage caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and improve the protection of civilians in armed conflicts.”[1] </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>As consultations progressed, Panama supported the ICRC and UN Secretary-General’s call for an <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">‘avoidance policy’ and said the Declaration should contain a clear commitment to avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas.</strong> It urged states and organisations to provide <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">international cooperation and assistance for implementing the Political Declaration commitments</strong>. It supported the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">inclusion of ‘reverberating effects’ and said that the socioeconomic consequences and environmental impacts of use of explosive weapons in populated areas should also be included</strong>. Panama also supported <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">strong provisions on victim assistance</strong>, and encouraged <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">inclusive disaggregated data collection</strong>. It opposed the inclusion of qualifiers in the text. Panama said the follow-up mechanism should include periodic meetings and could follow the model of the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development or Safe Schools Declaration.[2]</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Along with 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, Panama participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018. The meeting produced the Santiago Communiqué, in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue. This included: <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; act to<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> enhance compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law </strong>to ensure the protection of civilians and civilian objects; fully support the process that will lead to the negotiation and adoption of an international Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas; encourage <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">collection of data</strong>; promote bilateral and regional cooperation through <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">sharing experiences, good practices and expertise</strong>; constructively engage in discussions and initiatives at the international level that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">strengthen cooperation and partnerships with international organisations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.[3]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Panama endorsed the joint statement on explosive weapons in populated areas during the 74th UN General Assembly First Committee in October 2019.[4] The statement, delivered by Ireland, encouraged states to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians</strong>, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration on this issue.[5] As part of the Human Security Network, Panama also endorsed two statements addressing the risk of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in 2013[6] and 2014.[7] The statements called for d<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">ata collection and to refrain from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>. </span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Written contribution’. Permanent Mission of Panama to the United Nations. 18 November 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Panama-Written-Submission---18-Novmeber-2019.pdf\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Panama-Written-Submission—18-Novmeber-2019.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></a><span>; ‘Written Contribution’. Permanent Mission of Panama to the United Nations. February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Panama-Written-Paper-Submission---10-February-2020.pdf\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Panama-Written-Paper-Submission—10-February-2020.pdf</span></a><span>; Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></a><span>; ‘Panama’s proposals on the revised version of the Draft Political Declaration on EWIPA’. Permanent Mission of Panama to the United Nations. March 2021. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Panama-March2021.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Panama-March2021.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\"><span>https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7019. 19 August 2013. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"158","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"PG","countryName":"Papua New Guinea"}}},"region":"Pacific","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Papua New Guinea has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Papua New Guinea endorsed the Ireland-led joint statement during the 74th United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2019.[1] The statement <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration</strong> on this issue.[2]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"159","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"PY","countryName":"Paraguay"}}},"region":"Latin_America","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Paraguay has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Paraguay has spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. During the June 2016 UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians expressed support for the UN Secretary-General’s call on states to develop a Political Declaration on to explosive weapons in populated areas.[1] More recently, during the May 2019 UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians, Paraguay called on states to participate in the development of a political declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.”[2]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Alongside its individual statements, Paraguay has also aligned with other states on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas. With 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, Paraguay participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018. The meeting produced the Santiago Communiqué, in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue. This included: <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; act to<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> enhance compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law </strong>to ensure the protection of civilians and civilian objects; fully support the process that will lead to the negotiation and adoption of an international political declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas; encourage <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">collection of data</strong>; promote bilateral and regional cooperation through <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">sharing experiences, good practices and expertise</strong>; constructively engage in discussions and initiatives at the international level that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">strengthen cooperation and partnerships with international organisations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.[3]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7711. 10 June 2016. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7711\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7711.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8534. 23 May 2019. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\"><span>https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"59","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"PE","countryName":"Peru"}}},"region":"Latin_America","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Peru <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. During the Dublin Conference in November 2022, Peru recalled the Santiago Communiqué, and expressed hope for the implementation of the declaration, stressing the need for cooperation with civil society and others for an appropriate follow up process.[1]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Early in the consultations process, Peru issued a statement urging the declaration to include “a <strong>recognition and description of direct and indirect consequences of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>” and noting that <strong>avoiding the use of explosive weapons in populated areas would contribute to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 16</strong>.[2] Peru also supported a call for the <strong>adoption and review of policies and practices to enhance protection of civilians and compliance with International Humanitarian Law </strong>(IHL)[3] <strong>as well as to prevent the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.</strong>[4] It also called for <strong>data collection to be gender-disaggregated</strong>, and for the declaration to recognise the r<strong>ights of victims and affected communities and to provide appropriate victim assistance </strong>to those affected.[5] </p>\n<p class=\"p4\">These positions were reflected in Peru’s statements throughout the consultations, where it encouraged<strong> strong language on victim assistance, opposed the use of qualifies such as “can cause harm” in the text, and agreed that IHL was the fundamental legal reference point whilst also underscoring that the application of IHL is the minimum and that civilian harm can also arise from lawful attacks</strong>.[6] Peru also consistently argued for a <strong>presumption of non-use of explosive weapons in populated areas or ‘avoidance policy</strong>’[7] and for the <strong>inclusion of gender references</strong>.[8]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Peru <strong>attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration</strong> in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW195683365 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">At<strong> </strong>the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration Peru spoke during the session on military policies and practices. It stated that it <strong>has begun its work of national implementation through the framework of its Comisión Nacional de </strong><strong>Estudio y Aplicación del Derecho Internacional Humanitario</strong> (CONADIH) (Peru’s national study commission and application of international humanitarian law), comprised of representatives from the Ministries of Justice and Human Rights, Foreign Affairs, and Defence as well as the Joint Command of the Armed Forces and the ICRC. Peru <strong>underlined the importance of integrating the Declaration's commitments in military doctrine manuals, the armed forces’ teaching curricula</strong> and other relevant normative texts. Peru stated that through this work, it <strong>seeks to strengthen its contribution to the development of international best practices</strong>. Peru <strong>referenced national legislation and regulation pertaining to the use of force by the armed forces</strong><strong> domestically</strong>, and when protecting civilian populations domestically, including that all feasible precautions must be taken to avoid, or in any case reduce to a minimum, civilian deaths and injuries, and protect against the effects of attacks on civilian population and assets under its control. Peru raised recommendations presented by the ICRC at the Oslo conference as particularly helpful. It also <strong>spoke about the Declaration in the context of international treaties that regulate or prohibit certain types o</strong><strong>f weapons</strong>, such as the Convention on Cluster Munitions and the preventive measures set out in the third section of the Technical Annex to Protocol V of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons pertaining to the explosive remnants of war[9].</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW195683365 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Peru also submitted a statement to the session on understanding <strong>direct and indirect effects from the use of explosive weapons, </strong></span><strong>emphasising</strong><span><strong> that these are multiple and painful</strong>. Peru warned not to underestimate the impact of explosive remnants of war, underlining that these, regardless of their reliability or accuracy do have a failure rate. Peru further expressed <strong>alarm at the destruction of civilian infrastructure from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, <strong>emphasizing the direct and reverberating </strong></span><span><strong>effects</strong> of this, highlighting <strong>lack of access to medical care and psychological trauma</strong>, and spotlighting the important work of UN agencies and NGOs in <strong>collecting and </strong></span><strong>analysing</strong><span><strong> data</strong> on the indirect impacts and ‘disastrous long-term effects’. Peru also drew attention to the <strong>impact of explosive weapons on the environment</strong>, and advocated for the <strong>explosive weapons use and Declaration to be viewed in relation to, and as having serious impact on the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals</strong>[10].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW195683365 BCX0\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"></span>Peru has raised the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in a number of international forums. During the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in May 2019, Peru recalled the<strong> damage caused by explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and called for improving compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL).[11] In September 2021, at the Preparatory Committee of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW), Peru welcomed the development of a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas[12].</p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW195683365 BCX0\">Peru has also repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. <span>Alongside 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, Ecuador participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018, resulting in <strong>the Santiago Communiqué</strong></span>[13]<span><strong> in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue</strong>. </span>In 2018 and 2019, Peru joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm[14].</p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW14709417 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW14709417 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW14709417 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> ‘Watch back. Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Afternoon Session’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW14709417 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW14709417 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW14709417 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘PERU statement in English’. Permanent Mission of Peru to the United Nations. November 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW14709417 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/18Nov_Peru.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/18Nov_Peru.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW14709417 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW14709417 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW14709417 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW14709417 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW14709417 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW14709417 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW14709417 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW14709417 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW14709417 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW14709417 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW14709417 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW14709417 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. See also: </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 3’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW14709417 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWCKiv5gpPI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWCKiv5gpPI</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW14709417 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW14709417 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW14709417 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW14709417 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW14709417 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Peru, ‘</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Intervenciones</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">en</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> la </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Conferencia</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> de </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">seguimiento</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">sobre</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> la </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Declaración</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">política</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">sobre</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">el</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">fortalecimiento</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> de la </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">protección</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> de </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">los</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">civiles</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> contra las </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">consecuencias</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">humanitarias</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">derivadas</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> del </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">empleo</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> de Armas </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Explosivas</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">en</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> Zonas </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Pobladas</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> – EWIPA: </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Sesion</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> 1: Politics y </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">militares</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">’, 23 April 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW14709417 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Peru_Session_1_e2a25ad87f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Peru_Session_1_e2a25ad87f.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW14709417 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW14709417 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW14709417 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Intervenciones</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">en</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> la </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Conferencia</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> de </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">seguimiento</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">sobre</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> la </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Declaración</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">política</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">sobre</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">el</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">fortalecimiento</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> de la </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">protección</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> de </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">los</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">civiles</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> contra las </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">consecuencias</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">humanitarias</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">derivadas</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> del </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">empleo</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> de Armas </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Explosivas</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">en</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> Zonas </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Pobladas</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> – EWIPA: </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Sesion</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> 2: </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Entendiendo</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">los</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">efectos</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">directos</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> e </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">indirectos</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">’, 23 April 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW14709417 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Peru_Session_2_d34623d083.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Peru_Session_2_d34623d083.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW14709417 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW14709417 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8534. 23 May 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW14709417 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW14709417 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW14709417 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2021. ‘CCW Report, Vol.9, No.5’. Reaching Critical Will. 10 September 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW14709417 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2021/prepcom/reports/CCWR9.5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2021/prepcom/reports/CCWR9.5.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW14709417 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW14709417 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW14709417 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW14709417 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW14709417 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW14709417 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW14709417 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW14709417 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW14709417 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"60","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"PH","countryName":"Philippines"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>The Philippines </span><span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">During the consultations, the Philippines said it was delighted to see strong elements <strong>emphasising the harm to civilians, including explicit recognition of lifelong disabilities arising from injuries from explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, as well as the <strong>references to reverberating effects, including those arising from damage and disruption to infrastructure</strong>. It also welcomed references to <strong>rapid and unimpeded passage of humanitarian relief</strong>, and said that the <strong>language on victim assistance could be more robust </strong>to also include the facilitation of their full social economic reintegration, and the full realisation of their rights and their full participation as members of communities. It also expressed concerns over <strong>threats posed by non-state actors</strong>.[1] During the final round of consultations in June 2022, the Philippines <span><strong>emphasised that the centrality of the victims should be the overriding consideration and advocated for comprehensive and gender differentiated victim assistance</strong>, the facilitation of rapid safe and unhindered humanitarian access, and the recognition that the impact of explosive weapons reverberates even long after the cessation of hostilities.</span>[2] At the Dublin Conference in 2022, the Philippines reiterated many of these remarks and reaffirmed its commitment to enhancing the protection of civilians against the threat and reverberating impact of explosive weapons in populated areas.[3]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p6\">The Philippines has on several occasions spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. <span>During the 79th Session of the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2024, the Philippines expressed its “support [for] efforts to improve the implementation of IHL in the context of explosive weapons in populated areas”, and stated it looked forward to the upcoming follow-up conferences, “which is a manifestation of the solid commitment of more than 80 countries to the affirmations” set out in t</span><span>he Political Declaration.[4] </span>During the 75th UN General Assembly First Committee in October 2020, the Philippines expressed concern over<strong> the humanitarian harm arising from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and committed to participating in international efforts to address it</strong>.[5] During the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, the Philippines <span>welcomed the Political Declaration and highlighted the importance of its adoption.</span>[6] <span>During the 2024 United Nations Security Council open deba</span><span>te on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, the Philippines called for the full implementation of international human rights and humanitarian law during situations of armed conflict, stating that it provides the legal framework to strategically mitigate the impacts of armed conflict including from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.[7] At the same debate in 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, the Philippines <strong>emphasised the applicability of IHL to the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.[8] </span></p>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Philippines spoke about the harm caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas as<strong> co-host of a side event</strong> <strong>alongside the 2024 UN General Assembly’s First Committee</strong>.[9] It emphasised the <strong>importance of implementing the Political Declaration to mitigate this harm, </strong>and spoke about how<strong> it has begun the process of implementation</strong>, as well as its efforts to <strong>engage with other states in the region to increase universalisation</strong>.[10]</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"p6\">Alongside its individual statements, the Philippines has <strong>repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>. It endorsed the joint statement on explosive weapons in populated areas during the 74th UN General Assembly First Committee in October 2019.[11] The statement, delivered by Ireland, encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration on this issue.[12]</p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW111911776 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW111911776 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW111911776 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 2’.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW111911776 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pK6v1iIZG8A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pK6v1iIZG8A</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW111911776 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW111911776 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Consultations – Morning’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW111911776 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6kJVfHdXSc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6kJVfHdXSc</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW111911776 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW111911776 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>‘High-Level Conference to Adopt the Political Declaration to Address Humanitarian Harm from Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (EWIPA): Philippines Statement’. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Permanent Mission of the Philippines to the United Nations. 18 November 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW111911776 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Philippines.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Philippines.pdf.</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW111911776 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW111911776 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Philippines, ‘Thematic Debate on Cluster 4: Conventional Weapons First Committee of the 79th Session of the United Nations General Assembly’, 23 October 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW111911776 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/23Oct_Philippines.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/23Oct_Philippines.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW111911776 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW111911776 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘UNGA75 First Committee Statement’. Permanent Mission of the Philippines to the United Nations. 9 October 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW111911776 BCX0\" href=\"https://front.un-arm.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/philippines-en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://front.un-arm.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/philippines-en.pd</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW111911776 BCX0\" href=\"https://front.un-arm.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/philippines-en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>f</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW111911776 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW111911776 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Young, K. 2023. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.21, No.5’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 November 2023.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW111911776 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW111911776 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW111911776 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council, ‘S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1)’, 21 May 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW111911776 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW111911776 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW111911776 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW111911776 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW111911776 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW111911776 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW111911776 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>INEW,</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> ‘INEW Side Event at First Committee’, October 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW111911776 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/inew-side-event-at-first-committee/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.inew.org/inew-side-event-at-first-committee/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW111911776 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW111911776 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW111911776 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW111911776 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW111911776 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW111911776 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW111911776 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW111911776 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW111911776 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW111911776 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"160","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"PL","countryName":"Poland"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Poland has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did, however, participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration where it said the declaration should <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">stress that existing International Humanitarian Law (IHL) provides a sufficient framework to address the problem of EWIPA</strong>.[1] Poland also argued that it is <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">important not to limit the legitimate use of weapons</strong> and said that “[i]n the context of CCW it is also important to differentiate between explosive weapons and IEDs”.[2]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Early in the consultation process, Poland argued that <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">humanitarian issues arising from use of EWIPA would be effectively mitigated with full implementation of IHL</strong>, noting that <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">adequate preparedness of military personnel is important</strong> to this end.[3] It also urged the clear and consistent use of language and terms throughout the text, and warned that a <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">commitment to collect data – especially disaggregated by sex and age – is extremely difficult to implement</strong>.[4] These points were reflected as consultations progressed: Poland argued that the concept of EWIPA rather than of urban warfare must be applied throughout the text, and emphasised that the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">declaration should clarify that it is only the “unlawful” use of EWIPA that it seeks to condemn</strong>. Poland <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">praised the inclusion of “women and girls” in the declaration, but noted that it would prefer if the text referred to all affected groups</strong>—including elderly people, disabled people, boys, etc.[5] At the final consultation in June 2022, Poland said that the declaration is </span><span>a well-balanced document that takes</span><span> </span><span>into account national security concerns, military necessity, and at the same time</span><span> </span><span>maintaining the humanitarian perspective.</span><span>[6]</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Poland has spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums: at the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in 2016[7] and 2017[8] it acknowledged the harms caused by use of EWIPA. At the January 2022 UN Security Council open debate on war in cities, Poland said the use of EWIPA takes a devastating toll on people and services, noting that it causes severe disruption of health care, water, sanitation, and more.[9] At the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2022, Poland referenced the harmful use of explosive weapons in populated areas across the world[10] and in 2023 said that the “Shelling and air bombardments by Russian forces of densely populated areas are unequivocal violations of International Humanitarian Law”.[11]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Alongside its individual statements, Poland has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. As a member of the European Union (EU), Poland has signed onto numerous joint statements <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</strong>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict [12] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee[13], as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</strong>.[14] <span data-contrast=\"none\">At the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on Protection of Civilians, the EU expressed that given the significant impact of the explosive weapons in populated areas its use should be restricted or avoided.[15] </span></span><span>The EU, with Poland signing on, has also <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it </span><span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span><span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians.</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Poland also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>.”[16]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\">As a member of the Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, Poland has supported statements at the UN Security Council stressing the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">importance of<span> respecting IHL and the need to enhance the protection of civilians from the effects of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></strong><span>[17]. <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">In its 2024 statement, the Group called on states to make the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations by drawing on existing tools herein, such as the Political Declaration.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">[18] </span></span></span><span>As a member of the</span><span> </span><span>Group of Friends of Action on Conflict and Hunger, strongly <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">welcomed the Political Declaration, called on other states to join it, and said that the Oslo Conference will provide a critical opportunity to make progress in implementing the Declaration</strong>.[19] In 2018 and 2019, Poland joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[20]</span></p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW175130424 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW175130424 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW175130424 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Protecting Civilians in Urban Warfare Geneva Consultations: Statement of Poland’. Permanent Mission of Poland to the United Nations. 18 November 2019.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW175130424 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/18Nov_Poland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/18Nov_Poland.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW175130424 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW175130424 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW175130424 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW175130424 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW175130424 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW175130424 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW175130424 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Written Submission on Elements of a political declaration to ensure the protection of civilians from humanitarian harm arising from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’ .Permanent Mission of Poland to the United Nations. February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW175130424 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Poland-Written-Submission---10-February-2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Poland-Written-Submission—10-February-2020.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW175130424 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW175130424 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW175130424 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW175130424 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"13\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW175130424 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Consultations – Morning’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW175130424 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6kJVfHdXSc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6kJVfHdXSc</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW175130424 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW175130424 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7606. 19 January 2016. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW175130424 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7606</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW175130424 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW175130424 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7951. 25 May 2017. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW175130424 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7951\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7951</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW175130424 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW175130424 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8953. 25 January 2022. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW175130424 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8953\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8953</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW175130424 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW175130424 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW175130424 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW175130424 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW175130424 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":11,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW175130424 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Statement of the Republic of Poland to the 78th United Nations General Assembly First Committee General Debate’. Permanent Mission of Poland to the United Nations. October 2023. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW175130424 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/5Oct_Poland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/5Oct_Poland.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW175130424 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"12\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":12,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW175130424 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW175130424 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW175130424 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>;</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW175130424 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW175130424 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":13,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW175130424 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW175130424 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW175130424 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":14,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW175130424 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW175130424 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW175130424 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":15,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW175130424 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW175130424 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW175130424 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":15,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW175130424 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Agenda for Humanity Archives. ‘Germany’. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/175.html\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/175.html</a></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":15,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW175130424 BCX0\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> <a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042</a></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559685":360,"335559731":720}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":15,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW175130424 BCX0\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559685":360,"335559731":720}\"></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, ‘SC: Joint statement on the Protection of Civilians’, 21 May 2024. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><a href=\"https://www.norway.no/en/missions/un/statements/security-council/sc-2024/sc-statement-on-behalf-of-the-group-of-friends-of-protection-of-civilians/\">https://www.norway.no/en/missions/un/statements/security-council/sc-2024/sc-statement-on-behalf-of-the-group-of-friends-of-protection-of-civilians/</a></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":15,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW175130424 BCX0\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW175130424 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW175130424 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":15,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW175130424 BCX0\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW175130424 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW175130424 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW175130424 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"61","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"PT","countryName":"Portugal"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Portugal <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. Portugal made several written contributions to the process, welcoming the reaffirmation of current international humanitarian law (IHL) and its applicability to the use of explosive weapons in populated areas,<span> </span>and suggesting the inclusion of an express reference to the obligation to not impede humanitarian access.[1] In addition, Portugal suggested highlighting some of the effects that the use of wide-ranging explosive weapons has on the environment, from the point of view of the survival of the civilian population. To maintain the Declaration’s focus on the protection of civilians, it suggested that this environmental reference include a note about safeguarding of natural resources essential to human life (namely as regards soil and groundwater).[2]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Portugal attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the<strong> </strong>first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration Portugal </span><strong>emphasised</strong><span><strong> the widespread harm caused by explosive weapons </strong>when these are used in populated areas, and a<strong>cknowledged the direct and indirect effects, including on the natural environment</strong>, which in turn has harmful impact on human health. It highlighted the <strong>importance of data collection</strong>, and <strong>suggested that publi</strong></span><span><strong>shing reports of key domestic implementation measures would be a good way to identify useful policies and practices</strong>. Portugal stated that<strong> implementation was the responsibility of all states</strong>, and should be shared with civil society and other states.[3] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Portugal has on several occasions spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums.During the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians on 25 May 2022, Portugal said it remained concerned about the <strong>disproportionate use of explosive weapons in populated areas and their impact on civilians and civilian infrastructure</strong>. It supported the ongoing process developing a Political Declaration on the subject and <strong>called for the implementation of resolution 2601 (2021), on safeguarding the right to education, and resolution 2573 (2021), on critical civilian infrastructure</strong>, among other resolutions.[4] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in May 2023 Portugal said it was encouraged by positive steps taken regarding the protection of civilians, including the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas.[5] At the same debate in 2024, Portugal reiterated its full support for the Political Declaration and its role in the application of the full protection of civilians as presented in the report of the Secretary-General.[6] </span></span>At the UN Security Council Open Debate War in Cities: Protection of Civilians in Urban Settings on 25 January 2022, Portugal welcomed the development of the Political Declaration and said it is a good example of encouraging best practices based on IHL.[7] <span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, Portugal highlighted the Political Declaration, underlined its commitment to the Declaration and its aims, and praised Norway and Costa Rica as </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">organisers</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> of the first and second follow-up conferences on the implementation of the Declaration, respectively.[8]</span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Alongside its individual statements, Portugal has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. As a member of the European Union (EU), Portugal has signed onto numerous joint statements <strong>condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</strong>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict[9] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee[10], as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the <strong>indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</strong>.[11] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on Protection of Civilians, the EU expressed that given the significant impact of the explosive weapons in populated areas its use should be restricted or avoided.[12] </span></span>The EU, with Portugal signing on, has also <strong>repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it <span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians.</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Portugal also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>.”[13]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span>As a member of the Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, Portugal has supported statements at the UN Security Council stressing the <strong>importance of</strong></span><span><strong> respecting IHL and the need to enhance the protection of civilians from the effects of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong></span>[14]. <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">In the 2024 statement, the Group called on states to make the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations by drawing on existing tools herein, such as the Political Declaration.[15] </span></span>In 2018 and 2019, Portugal joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[16]</p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW255877113 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255877113 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255877113 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Written Submissions to the Consultations on explosive weapons in populated areas Elements Paper’. Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations 10 February 2020. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255877113 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/written-submission-Portugal.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/written-submission-Portugal.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255877113 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255877113 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Portugal Contribution to the Project of Political Declaration on EWIPAs’. Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations. March 2020. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255877113 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Portugal-March2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Portugal-March2020.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255877113 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255877113 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Reaching Critical Will, Notes from the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway. April 2024. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255877113 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255877113 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255877113 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255877113 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255877113 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">UN Security Council (2023). ‘Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict Meeting Transcript’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255877113 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255877113 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255877113 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">UN Security Council (2024) S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1), 21 May, p.20, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255877113 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW255877113 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255877113 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255877113 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255877113 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255877113 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255877113 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘79th United Nations General Assembly First Committee Cluster 4 – Conventional Weapons’ 24 October 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255877113 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/24Oct_Portugal.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/24Oct_Portugal.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255877113 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255877113 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255877113 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255877113 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255877113 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> ; EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255877113 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255877113 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255877113 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255877113 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255877113 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255877113 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255877113 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255877113 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255877113 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255877113 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255877113 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255877113 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity Archives. ‘Portugal’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255877113 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/242.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/242.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255877113 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255877113 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255877113 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255877113 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255877113 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, ‘SC: Joint statement on the Protection of Civilians’, 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255877113 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.norway.no/en/missions/un/statements/security-council/sc-2024/sc-statement-on-behalf-of-the-group-of-friends-of-protection-of-civilians/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.norway.no/en/missions/un/statements/security-council/sc-2024/sc-statement-on-behalf-of-the-group-of-friends-of-protection-of-civilians/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW255877113 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW255877113 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW255877113 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255877113 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255877113 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW255877113 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"62","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"QA","countryName":"Qatar"}}},"region":"Middle_East","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Qatar </span><span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Qatar submitted a written contribution to the consultations in 2020 suggesting that the Declaration: focus on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas rather than urban warfare or protection of civilians more broadly; recognise the <strong>relationship between the large-scale effects of explosive weapons and the risk of harm to civilians</strong>; highlight the <strong>indirect effects of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, while recognizing that <strong>damage to vital infrastructure</strong> may disrupt basic services and ultimately affect a large portion of the civilian population; and contain a <strong>clear and express commitment to avoid the use of explosive weapons of large-scale effects in populated areas</strong>. It also suggested that the Declaration oblige states to <strong>take measures through political obligations and good practices</strong> to enhance the protection of civilians against the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and that the Declaration establish a mechanism to monitor its implementation.[1]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Qatar is also a member of the Arab Group, which participated in the round of consultations that took place in 2021 in Geneva.[2] There, the Arab Group emphasised that <strong>existing international humanitarian law (IHL) rules and principles must be applied, and expressed concern that explosive weapons could be stigmatised by the Declaration</strong>. It also noted that the Declaration draft overlooked the use of human shields, and that a number of terms - namely “populated areas”, “reverberating effects” and “critical civilian infrastructure” lacked agreed definitions.[3]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Qatar <strong>attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration</strong> on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\">Qatar has also addressed the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, aligning with other states to deliver statements. At sessions of the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict in 2013, Qatar delivered the statement of the Arab Group, saying states need to “do more to compel parties to conflict to <strong>refrain from using explosive weapons in densely populated areas</strong>”.[4] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2024, a working paper by the Arab Group, of which Qatar is a member, </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>drew attention to the Political Declaration, and the importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>[5]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Qatar aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[6]</p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW188146946 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW188146946 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW188146946 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW188146946 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Memorandum of the National Committee for International Humanitarian Law on the Adoption of a Political Declaration to Strengthen the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Qatar to the United Nations. March 2020. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW188146946 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Qatar-March2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Qatar-March2020.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW188146946 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW188146946 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW188146946 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW188146946 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW188146946 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW188146946 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW188146946 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW188146946 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW188146946 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Arab Group Statement EWIPA political declaration informal consultations’. Arab Group 3 March 2021</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW188146946 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/3March_Arab-Group.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/3March_Arab-Group.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW188146946 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW188146946 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW188146946 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW188146946 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.6917. 12 February 2013. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW188146946 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW188146946 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW188146946 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW188146946 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW188146946 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘</span><span>Organisation</span><span> of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW188146946 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW188146946 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW188146946 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW188146946 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW188146946 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Arab Group, ‘Working Paper: Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon’, 19 November 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW188146946 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"63","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"KR","countryName":"Republic of Korea"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>The Republic of Korea </span><span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">The Republic of Korea regularly delivered statements to the consultations towards a Political Declaration. At the meeting in March 2021, it <strong>supported Sweden’s suggestion to add “in accordance with IHL” to Section 3.3 of the Political Declaration draft</strong>.[1] At the fourth round of consultations in April 2022, the Republic of Korea said it had difficulty in fully supporting the draft because it was too vague, and supported the <strong>suggestion to include a qualifier such as “indiscriminate” or “unlawful” before explosive weapons in populated areas in the title and relevant parts of the text</strong>. [2] It also echoed Human Rights Watch’s and Sweden’s suggestion to delete “critically” in “people critically injured” in paragraph 4.4, and said that paragraph 4.2 on <strong>data collection should be balanced with military and security concerns</strong>.[3] During the fifth round of consultations in June 2022, the Republic of Korea thanked the government of Ireland and said that the text was well-balanced.[4] At the Dublin Conference, the Republic of Korea said it recognizes the<strong> harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas and shared the concerns on the indirect effects, including displacement</strong>. It expressed <strong>support for the implementation of the Declaration</strong>.[5]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The Republic of Korea <strong>attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration</strong> in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><strong>Statements and positions</strong></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\">The Republic of Korea has also spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. At the <span>2022 Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW), the Republic of Korea said that the <strong>Declaration is a meaningful step forward</strong> and expressed appreciation for the work of Ireland in this regard[6</span>]. Previously, during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, the Republic of Korea called for <strong>avoiding the use of explosive weapons with wide area impact in densely populated areas</strong>.[7]</p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW57599241 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW57599241 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW57599241 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW57599241 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW57599241 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW57599241 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW57599241 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW57599241 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW57599241 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW57599241 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW57599241 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW57599241 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW57599241 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW57599241 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 2’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW57599241 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pK6v1iIZG8A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pK6v1iIZG8A</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW57599241 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW57599241 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW57599241 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW57599241 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Consultations – Morning’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW57599241 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6kJVfHdXSc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6kJVfHdXSc</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW57599241 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW57599241 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW57599241 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW57599241 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> ‘Watch back. Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Afternoon Session’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW57599241 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW57599241 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW57599241 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW57599241 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW57599241 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Acheson, R, et. al. 2022. Reaching Critical Will. ‘CCW Report: Civil society perspectives on the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, 16-18 November 2022 - Vol.10 No.11’. 22 November 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW57599241 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2022/hcp-meeting/reports/CCWR10.11.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2022/hcp-meeting/reports/CCWR10.11.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW57599241 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW57599241 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW57599241 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW57599241 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7019. 19 August 2013</span><span>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW57599241 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"64","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"MD","countryName":"Republic of Moldova"}}},"region":null,"endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Moldova </span><span>was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span><span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\">Moldova issued a statement on explosive weapons in populated areas during the Review Conference of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in December 2016, expressing <strong>concern regarding the indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>. It also expressed support for a political commitment to prevent the humanitarian harm from the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas[1].</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Moldova has also aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. In October <strong>2018</strong>, Moldova was <strong>one of 50 states to endorse the joint statement on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly</strong> First Committee, <strong>calling attention to the devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm[2]. Moldova also endorsed the Ireland-led joint statement during the 74th session of the United Nations General Assembly’s First Committee in 2019.[3] The statement encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration on this issue.[4]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">The Republic of Moldova aligned with several statements delivered by the European Union (EU) on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas, the latest one being the statement delivered during the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, in which the EU w<span>elcomed the Political Declaration and highlighted the importance of its adoption. The EU also highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments, including at the 2024 Oslo Conference</span><span>[5].</span></p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Statement at the Fifth Review Conference of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of Moldova to the United Nations. 12 December 2016. </span><a href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/RevCon/statements/12Dec_Moldova.pdf\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/RevCon/statements/12Dec_Moldova.pdf</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations (2018). ‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (EWIPA)’.</span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li class=\"p6\">‘Statement on Conventional Weapons’. European Union. 23 October 2023. <a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_EU.pdf\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_EU.pdf</a>.<span> </span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"65","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"RO","countryName":"Romania"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Romania was not actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span>. It participated in the Vienna Conference on the Protection of Civilians in Urban Warfare in 2019,[1] and in the second round of consultations in Geneva in 2020,[2] but did not issue any statements at those events. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Romania <strong>attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration </strong>in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p4\">As a member of the European Union (EU), Romania has signed onto numerous joint statements <strong>condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</strong>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict [3] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee[4], as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the <strong>indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</strong>.[5] The EU, with Romania signing on, has also <strong>repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it <span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians.</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Romania also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>.”[6]</p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘States Commit to Take Political Action on Explosive Weapons at Vienna conference’. Reaching Critical Will. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14061-states-commit-to-take-political-action-on-explosive-weapons-at-vienna-conference\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14061-states-commit-to-take-political-action-on-explosive-weapons-at-vienna-conference</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘More than 70 States Engage in Discussions on Political Declaration’. INEW. February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/more-than-70-states-engage-in-discussions-on-political-declaration/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/more-than-70-states-engage-in-discussions-on-political-declaration/</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></a><span>; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022. </span><a href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Romania’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/248.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/248.html</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"161","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"RU","countryName":"Russia"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>The Russian Federation has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>The Russian Federation has rarely referenced the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. At the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2022, however, it noted the<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> harmful use of explosive weapons in populated areas across the world</strong>.[1] At the UN Security Council open debate on war in cities in January 2022, the Russian Federation argued that non-state armed groups have used hospitals, schools, and other civilian areas for military purposes, “turning them into legitimate targets for attack.” Without explicitly referencing the work to create a political declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, the Russian Federation <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">objected to “attempts to invent endless innovative concepts to fill imaginary lacunae,” which it argued dilutes international norms</strong>. It argued that existing treaties and legal framework like International Humanitarian Law (IHL) are sufficient to protect civilians, including in urban warfare, and that IHL norms have a particular degree of “flexibility” to ensure precautions taken correspond to the context.[2]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Young, K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.2’. Reaching Critical Will. 8 October 2022. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022. </span><a href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"162","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"RW","countryName":"Rwanda"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Rwanda has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums.</span> <span>Rwanda participated in the Vienna Conference on the Protection of Civilians in Urban Warfare in October 2019,[1] but it did not issue any statement regarding the use of EWIPA.</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘Vienna Conference Marks Turning Point as States Support Negotiation of an International Political Declaration on Explosive Weapons’. INEW. 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/vienna-conference-marks-turning-point-as-states-support-negotiation-of-an-international-political-declaration-on-explosive-weapons/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/vienna-conference-marks-turning-point-as-states-support-negotiation-of-an-international-political-declaration-on-explosive-weapons/</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"66","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"KN","countryName":"Saint Kitts and Nevis"}}},"region":"Caribbean","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Saint Kitts and Nevis was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span><span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span>Alongside 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, Colombia participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018, resulting in <strong>the Santiago Communiqué</strong></span>[1]<span><strong> in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue</strong>. </span>In 2019, Colombia joined 71 states to endorse a joint statement on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[2]</p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\"><span>https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"163","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"LC","countryName":"Saint Lucia"}}},"region":"Caribbean","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Saint Lucia has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"198","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"VC","countryName":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. </span><span> </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 15.0pt;\"><span><strong>Saint Vincent and the Grenadines have aligned with other states to deliver statements that have touched upon the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>. At the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, the Non-Aligned Movement, of which Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a member, condemned the indiscriminate shelling and bombing of Palestinian civilian areas.<a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn1;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--></a> In a statement to the UN General Assembly First Commission in October 2018, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean states (CELAC), of which Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a member, <strong>drew attention to the harm of weapons such as cluster munitions and antipersonnel mines on civilian populations</strong>. The statement emphasised that the use of these weapons is in clear violation with international humanitarian law (IHL) and called on all states to take immediate measures to ameliorate the humanitarian harms which they cause.<a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn2;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]<!--[endif]--></a> </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 15.0pt;\"><span>Saint Vincent and the Grenadines participated in the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in May 2021 as a member of the so-called A3+1 (alongside Kenya, Niger, and Tunisia), during which these states <strong>condemned the use of EWIPA, highlighting the grave impacts on civilians</strong>.<a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn3;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[3]<!--[endif]--></a> This group also drew attention to the <strong>continued threat of explosive remnants of war</strong>, and highlighted challenges posed by the proliferation of small arms and light weapons, which together with the use of EWIPA place millions of civilians at risk of injury, displacement, and death.<a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn4;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[4]<!--[endif]--></a></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 15.0pt;\"><span>Along with 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018. The meeting produced the <strong>Santiago Communiqué</strong> in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue, including, but not limited to, the following: </span></p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>“<strong>Encourage collection of data and information to increase awareness and enhance knowledge about the impact of explosive weapons on civilians in populated areas</strong>;</span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span></span><span><strong>Avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>;</span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span></span><span>Act to e<strong>nhance compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law </strong>to ensure the protection of civilians and civilian objects, including school and hospitals during armed conflict and to contribute to alleviating humanitarian harm resulting from the effects of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span></span><span>Develop effective measures to prevent attacks in contravention of applicable international law against hospitals and schools and protected persons in relation to them;</span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span></span><span><strong>Fully support the process</strong> that will lead to the negotiation and adoption of an<strong> international political declaration</strong> on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas;</span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span></span><span><strong>Promote bilateral and regional cooperation</strong> through sharing experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm caused by explosive weapons to civilians;</span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span></span><span>Constructively engage in discussions and initiatives at international level that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts;</span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span></span><span>Foster deeper and further engagement from the Latin American and Caribbean states and facilitate increased involvement as a group of States;</span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span></span><span><strong>Continue and strengthen cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society</strong> organizations to draw upon their relevant expertise and support;</span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\"><span></span><span>Channel contributions to the draft international political declaration on the matter, as well as engage in advocacy, at national, regional and international levels.”<a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn5;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[5]<!--[endif]--></a></span><span></span></li>\n</ul>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0in;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"color: #2c3236; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Statement by Delegation of the Republic of Indonesia on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, First Committee 78th Session United Nations General Assembly, October 2023. </span><span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/17Oct_NAM.pdf\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/17Oct_NAM.pdf</a></span><span> </span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>CELAC (2018). ‘UNGA73 First Committee Statement’. </span><span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/10Oct_CELAC.pdf\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/10Oct_CELAC.pdf</a>.</span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Ray Acheson, Reaching Critical Will (2021). ‘Protecting Civilians by Preventing Conflict’. </span><span><a href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15343-protecting-civilians-by-preventing-conflict\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15343-protecting-civilians-by-preventing-conflict</a>.</span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"color: #2c3236; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Ibid</span>.</li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span> INEW (2018). ‘Santiago Communiqué’. </span><span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile/\">https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile/</a>.</span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"164","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"WS","countryName":"Samoa"}}},"region":"Pacific","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Samoa has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Samoa endorsed the joint statement on explosive weapons in populated areas during the 73th UN General Assembly First Committee in October 2018. The statement, delivered by Ireland, called attention to t<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">he devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm</strong>.[1] Samoa also endorsed the joint statement on explosive weapons in populated areas during the 74th UN General Assembly First Committee in October 2019.[2] The statement, also delivered by Ireland, <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration</strong> on this issue.[3]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></a><span>. </span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"68","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"SM","countryName":"San Marino"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">San Marino <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. At the Dublin Conference, San Marino recognized the <strong>harm from the use of EWIPA </strong>and welcomed the declaration as an important achievement.[1]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">San Marino attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration. </span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">At the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration San Marino <strong>expressed its commitment to disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control,</strong> and <strong>emphasised the importance of multilateral cooperation</strong> in these areas to promote and achieve international peace and security, as well as <strong>exchanging best practices and lessons learnt</strong>. San Marino stated that it <strong>does not have a military</strong>. The <strong>police</strong>, which is <strong>\"responsible for guaranteeing and preserving national order”, does “not carry explosive weapons,</strong> nor do they take part in international conflicts.” The s<strong>tate’s constitution “prohibits war</strong> as a means of resolving disputes between States.” San Marino endorsed the Political Declaration because it considers it “a fundamental instrument to keep the international community’s attention focused on the devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact that such weapons are capable of inflicting in populated areas, causing deaths, injuries and the destruction of critical infrastructures, to the detriment of the population.” San Marino emphasised its commitment to the implementation of the Political Declaration. It stated that <strong>San Marino is “fully compliant” with the Political Declaration, because it does not have a military, </strong>but also set<strong> </strong>out<strong> prohibitions in its national legal system on the possession, use, manufacturing, sale and transfer of explosive materials</strong>. San Marino stated it<strong> would continue to reflect on the Declaration, and draft new legislation</strong> “to fill any gaps that may arise over time”. San Marino shared that it plans to organise a special meeting on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas within its Permanent National Counter-Terrorism Commission to “further raise the awareness of police forces on this issue, to verify the national regulatory coverage of this phenomenon and to simultaneously increase national cooperation on this subject.” San Marino concluded its remarks by underlining that it “<strong>firmly believes that international cooperation in these areas is essential,</strong> especially in the current historical period, during which armed conflicts continue to expand throughout the world to the detriment of civilians.”[2]</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span>San Marino has frequently spoken on EWIPA in multilateral forums, primarily to</span> highlight the harms caused by EWIPA. <span>San Marino addressed the use of EWIPA at the UN General Assembly First Committee in October 2016[3] and 2017[4] calling for the parties to a conflict to refrain from using EWIPA. </span>More recently, during the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2022, San Marino said that the use of explosive weapons in populated areas now represents the <strong>main cause of civilian suffering in armed conflicts, including long-lasting physical harm and psychological trauma, as well as impeded access to vital services such as hospitals and schools</strong>.<span>[5] During the </span>UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, San Marino similarly highlighted the effects of the use of EWIPA and called on all parties involved in armed conflicts to avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas. It also invited all countries to support and implement the political declaration.<span>[6]</span></p>\n<p class=\"p7\">San Marino has also spoken at a number of UN Security Council open debates. In a statement during the May 2019 UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, San Marino expressed <strong>support for the UN Secretary-General’s call to avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>.[7] In May 2023 it welcomed the declaration at the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict[8] and in July 2023 at the UN Security Council open debate on children and armed conflict it said that “the use of explosive weapons in populated areas has resulted in increases in the numbers of <strong>deaths, physical injuries and trauma among civilians, including children, who subsequently find themselves unable to return to their daily lives even after a conflict ends</strong>.” It <strong>encouraged all states to endorse the Political Declaration </strong>and to abide by its commitments.[9]</p>\n<p class=\"p7\">Alongside its individual statements, San Marino has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on EWIPA. In 2018 and 2019, San Marino joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[10] San Marino has also aligned with several statements delivered by the European Union (EU) on the issue of EWIPA, including during the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, in which the EU w<span>elcomed the political declaration and highlighted the importance of its adoption. The EU also highlighted the work ahead for implementing the declaration’s commitments, including at the 2024 Oslo Conference.</span><span>[11] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on Protection of Civilians, the EU expressed that given the significant impact of the explosive weapons in populated areas its use should be restricted or avoided.[12]</span></span></span></p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW190092604 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW190092604 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW190092604 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> ‘Watch back. Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Afternoon Session’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW190092604 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW190092604 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW190092604 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">“National Statement on behalf of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of San Marino at the EWIPA Oslo Conference 2024”, April 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW190092604 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/San_Marino_Session_1_b41ce15fd1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/San_Marino_Session_1_b41ce15fd1.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW190092604 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW190092604 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Statement by Permanent Mission of San Marino to the United Nations at the General Debate of the First Committee 71st session of the United Nations General Assembly’. Permanent Mission of San Marino to the United Nations. 10 October 2016.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW190092604 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/10Oct_SanMarino.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/10Oct_SanMarino.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW190092604 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW190092604 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Statement by Permanent Mission of San Marino to the United Nations at the General Debate of the First Committee 71st session of the United Nations General Assembly’. Permanent Mission of San Marino to the United Nations. 9 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW190092604 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/10Oct_SanMarino.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/10Oct_SanMarino.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW190092604 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW190092604 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Young. K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.3’. Reaching Critical Will. 15 October 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW190092604 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No3.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No3.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW190092604 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW190092604 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW190092604 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW190092604 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW190092604 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW190092604 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW190092604 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8534. 23 May 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW190092604 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW190092604 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW190092604 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW190092604 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW190092604 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW190092604 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW190092604 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9366. 5 July 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW190092604 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9366(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9366(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW190092604 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW190092604 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Statement by the Republic of San Marino to the United Nations at the General Debate of the First Committee 78th session of the United Nations General Assembly’. Republic of San Marino to the United Nations. 6 October 2023.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW190092604 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/6Oct_SanMarino.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/6Oct_SanMarino.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW190092604 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW190092604 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Statement on Conventional Weapons’. European Union. 23 October 2023.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW190092604 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW190092604 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW190092604 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW190092604 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW190092604 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"165","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"ST","countryName":"São Tomé and Príncipe"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>São Tomé and Príncipe has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"166","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"SA","countryName":"Saudi Arabia"}}},"region":"Middle_East","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Saudi Arabia has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did, however, participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration, where it supported a suggestion to include mention of states that fight “terrorism” in section 2 of the draft.[1] Saudi Arabia aligned with the Arab Group’s statement to the 2021 round of consultations in which the Group noted that the aim of the Declaration should be to strengthen protection of civilians through enhancing existing IHL, not by establishing new rules, concepts, or mechanisms and emphasised that existing IHL rules and principles must be applied fully and effectively to protect civilians. The Group also expressed concern that the Declaration overlooked use of human shields, and may stigmatise explosive weapons use in general.[2]</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW78487978 BCX0\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">At the United Nations General Assembly First Committee in 2024, </span></span><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Saudi Arabia’s </span></span><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">statement highlighted Israel’s<strong> use of and harm from the explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> in Gaza.[3]</span></span><span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW78487978 BCX0\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2024, a working paper submitted by the Arab Group, of which Saudi Arabia is a member, </span></span><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">drew <strong>attention to the Political Declaration, and the importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.</span></span><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">[</span></span><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">4</span></span><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">]</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Saudi Arabia aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[5]</span></p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW232590812 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW232590812 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW232590812 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW232590812 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW232590812 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW232590812 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW232590812 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW232590812 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW232590812 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated </span><span>areas’</span><span>. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW232590812 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘Arab Group Statement–EWIPA Political Declaration Informal Consultations’. Arab Group. March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW232590812 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/3March_Arab-Group.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/3March_Arab-Group.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW232590812 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW232590812 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW232590812 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW232590812 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>United Nations Security Council, S/PV.9632 (Resumption 2), 22 May 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW232590812 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/142/87/pdf/n2414287.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/142/87/pdf/n2414287.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW232590812 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW232590812 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW232590812 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW232590812 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Arab Group, ‘Working Paper: Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon’, 19 November 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW232590812 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW232590812 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW232590812 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW232590812 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW232590812 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Organisation</span><span> of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Agenda for Humanity.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW232590812 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"69","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"SN","countryName":"Senegal"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p5\"><span>Senegal </span><span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. </span></p>\n<p class=\"p6\">Senegal participated in the Vienna Conference on the Protection of Civilians in Urban Warfare in October 2019,[1] as well as in the first two rounds of consultations for a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas in 2019 and 2020.[2]</p>\n<p class=\"p6\">During the 2019 consultations, Senegal said that the Declaration should <strong>commit states to avoid using explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>. It also said the Declaration should <strong>encourage cooperation among states and/or with civil society to build a community of practice</strong>, which includes a better dialogue with UN agencies and international and national humanitarian organisations, including the International Committee of the Red Cross, to better understand protection needs.[3] Senegal also joined other states in calling <strong>investigations into the use of explosive weapons in populated areas in violation of international humanitarian law</strong>, and, where appropriate, for the prosecution of perpetrators. It also called for the <strong>consideration of non-state actors</strong> in the Declaration.[4]</p>\n<p class=\"p6\">In its written submission, Senegal suggested that the Declaration could: stress the imperative to<strong> prevent non-state armed groups, including terrorists and criminals, from acquiring and using explosive weapons</strong> with wide effects; include concrete commitments to r<strong>einforce accountability</strong> and the fight against impunity; commit states to <strong>avoiding the use of high impact explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>; promote bilateral and regional cooperation through the <strong>sharing of experiences, good practices and expertise</strong> on reducing the harm caused to civilians by explosive weapons; encourage states to e<strong>ngage constructively in international initiatives</strong> that can effectively contribute to greater protection of civilians in armed conflict; <strong>strengthen cooperation and partnership</strong> with international organisations and civil society organisations, and build on their expertise and support.[5]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p6\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p7\">Senegal has also aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. In 2017, Senegal endorsed the communiqué arising from the Maputo Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas[6]. The Maputo Communiqué discussed the harms of explosive weapons in populated areas, the role of African states in working against it, and the need to create a Political Declaration on the matter. The 19 African states present agreed to work independently and cooperatively to, <em>inter alia</em>: <strong>avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; encourage <strong>collection of data and information</strong>; fully <strong>support the process towards adoption of an international Political Declaration</strong>; promote <strong>bilateral and regional cooperation through sharing experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm</strong> caused by explosive weapons to civilians; constructively <strong>engage in discussions and initiatives at international level</strong> that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; foster deeper and further <strong>engagement from African States</strong>; and strengthen <strong>cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.</p>\n<p class=\"p6\">As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Senegal aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to “Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity” in May 2016, including the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[7] <span>At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2024, the </span><span>Organisation</span><span> of Islamic Cooperation, of which Comoros is also a member, both condemned the use of explosive weapons in Gaza and Lebanon, and drew attention to the humanitarian impact, including </span><span>civilian deaths and injuries, destruction of infrastructure, 39 million tons of rubble and unexploded ordinances buried under the debris.[8]</span></p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Vienna Conference Marks Turning Point as States Support Negotiation of an International Political Declaration on Explosive Weapons’. INEW. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/vienna-conference-marks-turning-point-as-states-support-negotiation-of-an-international-political-declaration-on-explosive-weapons/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/vienna-conference-marks-turning-point-as-states-support-negotiation-of-an-international-political-declaration-on-explosive-weapons/</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Boillot, L. 2020. ‘More than 70 States Engage in Discussions on Political Declaration’. Article 36. 27 February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/updates/more-than-70-states-engage-in-discussions-on-political-declaration/\"><span>https://article36.org/updates/more-than-70-states-engage-in-discussions-on-political-declaration/</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Towards a Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: States Need to Ensure that Expressed Commitments Translate into Real Impacts on the Ground’. Reaching Critical Will. 2019. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Ibid. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Communiqué from Maputo Regional Conference on the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 28 November 2017. Available from: </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Declaration Du Senegal Aux Consultations Informelles Sur Le Projet de Déclaration Politique Sur Les Ewipa’. Permanent Mission of Senegal to the United Nations. 18 November 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Senegal-Written-Submission---18-November-2019.pdf\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Senegal-Written-Submission—18-November-2019.pdf</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).’ </span><span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</a></span><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Organization of Islamic Cooperation, ‘Working Paper’, Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">13-14 November 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW139784541 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g24/209/52/pdf/g2420952.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g24/209/52/pdf/g2420952.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"70","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"RS","countryName":"Serbia"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Serbia </span><span>was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span><span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span></p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span>Serbia attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\">Serbia endorsed the joint statement on explosive weapons in populated areas during the 73th UN General Assembly First Committee in October 2018. The statement, delivered by Ireland, called attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[1] Serbia also endorsed the joint statement on explosive weapons in populated areas during the 74th UN General Assembly First Committee in October 2019.[2] The statement, also delivered by Ireland, <strong>encouraged states to participate in international efforts to address the impacts of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas </strong>on civilians, including by working towards the creation of an international Political Declaration on this issue.[3]</p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li class=\"p6\">‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. <a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</a>.</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"167","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"SC","countryName":"Seychelles"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Seychelles has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"71","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"SL","countryName":"Sierra Leone"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Sierra Leone <span>was not actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.<strong> </strong>In Dublin, Sierra Leone said that it is a living example of first-hand experience of the impact of EWIPA. It said that the <strong>declaration is the beginning of a long-term commitment and effective process to develop stronger standards and change in the use of explosive weapons</strong>. Sierra Leone also said that an assistance program would help states to move swiftly to make these changes.[1]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Sierra Leone attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Sierra Leone spoke about the harm caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and importance of implementing the Political Declaration to mitigate this harm as co-host of a side event alongside the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict.[2]</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p4\">During the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, Sierra Leone said that “the use of explosive weapons in populated areas poses complex challenges and a grave danger for the protection of civilians.”[3]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Sierra Leone aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[4]</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Implementation of the Political Declaration</strong></span></h2>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW110753063 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW110753063 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">In February 2024, INEW and EWM conducted a state survey into endorser states' national efforts to disseminate and implement the Political Declaration. In the survey, Sierra Leone reported that it had </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">not disseminated the Political Declaration.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">[5]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":0,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":0,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":0,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":0,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":0,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW110753063 BCX0\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW110753063 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Sierra Leone has appointed </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">point people responsible for the implementation</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> of the Political Declaration in its Commissions on Arms and Ammunition and Armed Forces, an assistant </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">programme</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> officer and a major, respectively.[6]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":0,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":0,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":0,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":0,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":0,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</div>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW110753063 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Sierra Leone has not conducted briefings, workshops or trainings on the content of the Political Declaration and plans for its domestic implementation. Nor has it undertaken a review of laws or policies relevant to protection of civilians to identify areas where further policy development is necessary to meet the commitments under the Declaration. Sierra Leone did note that “during the trainings conducted for the Military and the Police, the wise use of explosives to protect civilian populations and their properties in built up areas is an integral course component”[7].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW110753063 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">To view all of Sierra Leone’s responses to the INEW and EWM state survey, and other states’ responses, see the </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW110753063 BCX0\" href=\"https://explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/reports/1/explosive-weapons-monitor-2023/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Explosive Weapons Monitor 2023</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, Chapter III on </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Universalisation</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> and Implementation of the Political Declaration. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Morning Session.’ </span><span><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo</a></span><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">INEW, Notes from the event, May 2024</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n<li class=\"p5\">‘Statement by Permanent Mission of the Republic of Sierra Leone to the United Nations during the First Committee General Debate on Disarmament’. Permanent Mission of the Republic of Sierra Leone. 9 October 2023. <a href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/9Oct_SierraLeone.pdf\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/9Oct_SierraLeone.pdf</a>.<br><br></li>\n<li class=\"p5\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Agenda for Humanity. <a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</a>.<br></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"></span></span></li>\n<li class=\"p5\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Sierra Leone’s response to the International Network on Explosive Weapons and the Explosive Weapons Monitor’s State Survey, March 2024.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> <br><br></span></li>\n<li class=\"p5\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\">Ibid. <br><br></span></li>\n<li class=\"p5\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\">Ibdi. </span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"168","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"SG","countryName":"Singapore"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Singapore has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. It participated in the Conference on the Protection of Civilians in Urban Warfare in October 2019 in Vienna but it did not issue any statement on the subject.[1]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘Vienna Conference Marks Turning Point as States Support Negotiation of an International Political Declaration on Explosive Weapons’. INEW. 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/vienna-conference-marks-turning-point-as-states-support-negotiation-of-an-international-political-declaration-on-explosive-weapons/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/vienna-conference-marks-turning-point-as-states-support-negotiation-of-an-international-political-declaration-on-explosive-weapons/</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"72","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"SK","countryName":"Slovakia"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Slovakia <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. Slovakia participated in the Vienna Conference on the Protection of Civilians in Urban Warfare in October 2019[1] and in the second round of consultations in Geneva in 2020 but did not issue any statements.[2]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span>At the Dublin Conference in November 2022, Slovakia underlined that </span><strong>civilians suffer devastating harm not only directly, but also through long-lasting indirect effects</strong>. It also expressed its belief that the <strong>improvement of national policies and strengthening international cooperation, including through exchange of expertise as well as good policies and practice, could strengthen the protection of civilians</strong>. Slovakia said that the commitments in the area of <strong>victim assistance, risk education and explosive remnants of war</strong> should mitigate humanitarian consequences arising from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It also stressed its commitment to the implementation of the Political Declaration and through the regular collective follow-up process.<span>[3]</span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Slovakia attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p7\">Slovakia has spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in at the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, arguing that “more<strong> effective mechanisms to monitor the use of explosive weapons</strong> in heavily populated areas must be created.”[4] At the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2022, Slovakia referenced the harmful use of explosive weapons in populated areas across the world[5].</p>\n<p class=\"p7\">Slovakia has also repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas.<span> </span>As a member of the European Union (EU), Slovakia has signed onto numerous joint statements <strong>condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</strong>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict [6] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee[7], as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the <strong>indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</strong>.[8] The EU, with Slovakia signing on, has also <strong>repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it <span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians.</p>\n<p class=\"p7\">Slovakia also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>”[9].</p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Vienna Conference Marks Turning Point as States Support Negotiation of an International Political Declaration on Explosive Weapons’. INEW. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/vienna-conference-marks-turning-point-as-states-support-negotiation-of-an-international-political-declaration-on-explosive-weapons/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/vienna-conference-marks-turning-point-as-states-support-negotiation-of-an-international-political-declaration-on-explosive-weapons/</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Boillot, L. 2020. ‘More than 70 States Engage in Discussions on Political Declaration’. Article 36. 27 February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/updates/more-than-70-states-engage-in-discussions-on-political-declaration/\"><span>https://article36.org/updates/more-than-70-states-engage-in-discussions-on-political-declaration/</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Statement by H. E. Mr. Andrej Droba, Ambassador of the Slovak Republic to Ireland at the EWIPA Conference’. Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. 18 November 2022. </span><a href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Slovakia.pdf\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Slovakia.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Young, K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.2’. Reaching Critical Will. 8 October 2022. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf.</span></a></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></a><span>; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022. </span><a href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Slovakia’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/351.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/351.html</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"73","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"SI","countryName":"Slovenia"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Slovenia <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. In a written contribution to the consultations, Slovenia <strong>suggested including an appeal for universalisation of relevant instruments in the field of disarmament</strong>.[1] It also agreed with a proposal that the improvised explosive devices (IEDs) get a more prominent place in the Declaration, and suggested the <strong>inclusion of a reference to risk education on explosive remnants of war (ERW) and IED </strong>in paragraph 4.3.[2] At the signing conference in November 2022, Slovenia underlined the <strong>long-lasting consequences of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas </strong>and said it attaches great importance to<strong> victims' assistance</strong>. Slovenia said that efforts should continue to focus on providing a safe environment for all and ensuring the <strong>social and economic inclusion of survivors</strong>.[3]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Slovenia attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.</span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and priorities</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\">Slovenia has on several occasions spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums: speaking at UN security council open debates on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, Slovenia has raised concerns over the harms caused by explosive weapons in populated areas.[4] During the UN General Assembly First Committee, Slovenia welcomed the conclusion of the negotiations on the Political Declaration.[5]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Alongside its individual statements, Slovenia has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. As a member of the European Union (EU), Slovenia has signed onto numerous joint statements <strong>condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</strong>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict [6] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee[7], as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the <strong>indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</strong>.[8] The EU, with Slovenia signing on, has also <strong>repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it <span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians.</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">In 2018 and 2019, Slovenia joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm [9]. As part of the Human Security Network, Slovenia has also endorsed two statements addressing the risk of explosive weapons in populated areas, emphasising the importance of data collection, and calling on states to refrain from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in 2013[10] and 2014.[11] </p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Slovenia also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>.”[12]</p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>It proposed the following text within Section 3 or 4 of the draft: “Strengthen the efforts pertaining to the universalisation of relevant disarmament instruments, such as the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction and the Convention on Cluster Munitions.”</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘EWIPA Political Declaration: Proposals of the Republic of Slovenia’. Permanent Mission of Slovenia to the United Nations. 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/written-submission-Slovenia.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/written-submission-Slovenia.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Statement of Slovenia at the Dublin Conference – EWIPA.’ Republic of Slovenia in Ireland. 18 November 2022. </span><a href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Slovenia.pdf\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Slovenia.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.6531. 10 May 2011. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6531(Resumption1)\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6531(Resumption1)</span></a><span>; </span><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7951. 25 May 2017. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7951\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7951</span></a><span>; United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8534. 23 May 2019. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Young. K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.3’. Reaching Critical Will. 15 October 2022. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No3.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No3.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></a><span>; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013. </span><a href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022. </span><a href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7019. 19 August 2013. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Slovenia’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/254.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/254.html</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"169","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"SB","countryName":"Solomon Islands"}}},"region":"Pacific","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Solomon Islands has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"74","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"SO","countryName":"Somalia"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p3\">Somalia <span>was not directly involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span>. It was, however, among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</p>\n<p class=\"p3\">At the Dublin Conference in November 2022, Somalia said that the<strong> use of explosive weapons in populated areas by the extremist group Al Shabaab has been a main cause of loss of civilian lives and destruction of critical infrastructure</strong>. Somalia said that the declaration is a critical milestone, and emphasized the need for training and equipment to help minimize the risk of civilians from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.[1]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span><strong>Statements and position</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Somalia has aligned itself with other states in joint statements that have referenced the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2024, a working paper submitted by the <strong>Arab Group</strong>, of which Somalia is a member, </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>drew attention to the Political Declaration, and the <strong>importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>.</strong>[2]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p3\">In 2017, Somalia endorsed the communiqué arising from the Maputo Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas[3]. The Maputo Communiqué discussed the harms of explosive weapons in populated areas, the role of African states in working against it, and the need to create a Political Declaration on the matter. The 19 African states present agreed to work independently and cooperatively to, <em>inter alia</em>: <strong>avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; encourage <strong>collection of data and information</strong>; fully <strong>support the process towards adoption of an international Political Declaration</strong>; promote <strong>bilateral and regional cooperation through sharing experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm</strong> caused by explosive weapons to civilians; constructively <strong>engage in discussions and initiatives at international level</strong> that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; foster deeper and further <strong>engagement from African States</strong>; and strengthen <strong>cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.</p>\n<p class=\"p3\">Somalia aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to “Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity” in May 2016, in its national capacity and as member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation[4], including the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to <strong>prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[5]</p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Morning Session.’ </span><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Arab Group, ‘Working Paper: Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon’, 19 November 2024, </span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW33245722 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf</span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"> </span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>'Communiqué from Maputo Regional Conference on the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 28 November 2017. Available from: </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/233.html</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Somalia’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/353.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/353.html</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"170","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"ZA","countryName":"South Africa"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>South Africa has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did, however, participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration where it <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">advocated for a core commitment to avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated area</strong>s, arguing that such a policy would neither stigmatise explosive weapons nor create new obligations, as it is not a prohibition, but rather a regulation. South Africa also echoed Namibia’s argument that the victim assistance provisions should be strengthened, by better defining victim assistance, what assistance is needed, and taking into account families and others affected.[1]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">South Africa attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>South Africa has spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in several multilateral forums. At the January 2022 UN Security Council open debate on war in cities it warned that the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">use of explosive weapons in populated areas exacerbates humanitarian crises,</strong> highlighting the destruction of lives and livelihoods in the Gaza Strip. It also noted that the d<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">estruction of civilian infrastructure and the resulting impact on the environment will further intensify long-term consequences of armed conflict</strong>.[2] During the UN General Assembly First Committee thematic debate on conventional weapons in October 2016, South Africa expressed concern about the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.[3]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>As part of the Human Security Network, South Africa endorsed two statements addressing the risk of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in 2013[4] and 2014.[5] The statements called for <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">data collection and to refrain from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.</span><span></span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022. </span><a href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘UNGA71 First Committee Conventional Weapons Thematic Debate Statement’. Permanent Mission of South Africa to the United Nations. 20 October 2016. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/20Oct_SouthAfrica.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/20Oct_SouthAfrica.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7019. 19 August 2013. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"171","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"SS","countryName":"South Sudan"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>South Sudan has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"75","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"ES","countryName":"Spain"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Spain </span><span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. </span>In Dublin, Spain welcomed the provisions that guarantee access to humanitarian aid teams and said that victim assistance must be a priority. Spain said it endorses the Declaration with hope it will strengthen the protection of civilians in urban conflict.<span>[1]</span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Spain regularly delivered statements throughout the consultations towards a Political Declaration, as well as raising concerns around explosive weapons in populated areas and expressing support for a Political Declaration in other multilateral forums. In its statements, Spain regularly suggested that terms such as “wide area effects,” “reasonably foreseen,” and “reverberating effects” lack a clear definition and should be avoided or further explained.[2] It also several times suggested expansions in the scope of particular provisions of the Declaration, for example advocating for the addition of a reference or new element on protection of schools and medical facilities[3], and the addition of “communication networks” and “education services” to the list of direct effects in Section 1.2. Spain was also clear that it would not support any inclusion of new obligations that required states to go beyond existing international humanitarian law (IHL), but encouraged efforts to improve national policy and practice to better protect civilians. Regarding the follow-up process, Spain opined that a stand-alone fora or body would be less useful than a review princess embedded within an existing framework such as the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW).</p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Spain attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p6\">Spain has frequently spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN Security Council open debates on the protection of children in armed conflict[4], primarily to express concern about the use of explosive weapons in populated areas in urban areas, and urge the Security Council and states to exploit all possible means to put an end to it. It has also stressed the disproportionate impacts of explosive weapons in populated areas on women and children. At the May 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, Spain encouraged states to sign the Political Declaration[5] and at the July 2020 open debate on children and armed conflict reiterated its commitment to the implementation of the Declaration and urged all states to sign it.[6] Spain also noted ongoing discussions about the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the Convention on Conventional Weapons Preparatory Committee meeting held in September 2021, and said states must not ignore the increasing urbanisation of warfare.[7]</p>\n<p class=\"p6\">Alongside its individual statements, Spain has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. As a member of the European Union (EU), Spain has signed onto numerous joint statements <strong>condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</strong>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict [8] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee[9], as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the <strong>indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</strong>.[10] The EU, with Spain signing on, has also <strong>repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it <span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians. <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the same debate in 2024, the EU expressed that given the significant impact of the explosive weapons in populated areas its use should be restricted or avoided.[11]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572083":0,"335572084":0,"335572085":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789810":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Spain also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>.” [12] Spain aligned with the Joint Commitment <span>123002</span> to the World Humanitarian Summit led by Austria, in May 2016 where it pledged to minimise impacts on civilians when using explosive weapons in populated areas.[13] Spain also supported Austria’s Statement to the World Humanitarian Summit Roundtable on Upholding the Norms that Safeguard Humanity, in May 2016, where it announced its efforts to strengthen international humanitarian law, including through a Political Declaration.[14]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span>As a member of the Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, Spain has supported statements at the UN Security Council stressing the <strong>importance of</strong></span><span><strong> respecting IHL and the need to enhance the protection of civilians from the effects of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> </span>[15]. In 2018 and 2019, Spain joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm [16]. <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">In the 2024 statement, the Group called on states to make the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations by drawing on existing tools herein, such as the Political Declaration.[17] </span></span></p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW260384745 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW260384745 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW260384745 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Morning Session.’</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW260384745 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW260384745 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW260384745 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW260384745 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW260384745 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW260384745 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW260384745 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.6917. 12 February 2013. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6917(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014. Available from:</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7466. 18 June 2015. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7466\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7466</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7606. 19 January 2016.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7606</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW260384745 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW260384745 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW260384745 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW260384745 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9366. 5 July 2023. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9366(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9366(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW260384745 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"13\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW260384745 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">A</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">cheson, R. 2021. ‘CCW Report, Vol.9, No.5’. Reaching Critical Will. 10 September 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2021/prepcom/reports/CCWR9.5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2021/prepcom/reports/CCWR9.5.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW260384745 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW260384745 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW260384745 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW260384745 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW260384745 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW260384745 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW260384745 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":11,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW260384745 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63m\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63m</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW260384745 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":11,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW260384745 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity Archives. ‘Spain’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/123.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/123.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW260384745 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":11,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW260384745 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW260384745 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":11,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW260384745 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Austria’s Statement at the World Humanitarian Summit Roundtable on Upholding the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’. Government of Austria. 2016.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/sites/default/files/resources/2017/Jul/Statement_by_the_Government_of_Austria_Roundtable_Uphold_the_Norms_that_Safeguard_Humanity.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/sites/default/files/resources/2017/Jul/Statement_by_the_Government_of_Austria_Roundtable_Uphold_the_Norms_that_Safeguard_Humanity.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW260384745 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":11,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW260384745 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW260384745 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":11,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW260384745 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW260384745 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"17\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260384745 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":11,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW260384745 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, ‘SC: Joint statement on the Protection of Civilians’, 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260384745 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.norway.no/en/missions/un/statements/security-council/sc-2024/sc-statement-on-behalf-of-the-group-of-friends-of-protection-of-civilians/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.norway.no/en/missions/un/statements/security-council/sc-2024/sc-statement-on-behalf-of-the-group-of-friends-of-protection-of-civilians/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"172","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"LK","countryName":"Sri Lanka"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Sri Lanka has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>During the August 2016 Security Council open debate on children and armed conflict, Sri Lanka underscored the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">devastating impact of explosive weapons on schools and hospitals</strong>.[1] In 2018 and 2019, Sri Lanka joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm[2]. </span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7753. 2 August 2016. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7753\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7753.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf.</span></a><span> ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"173","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"SD","countryName":"Sudan"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Sudan has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Sudan has aligned itself with other states to speak about explosive weapons in populated areas. At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in <strong>2024</strong>, a working paper submitted by the <strong>Arab Group,</strong> of which </span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Sudan </span><span data-contrast=\"none\">is a member,<strong> drew attention to the Political Declaration, and the importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.[1]</span><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Sudan aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[2]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Arab Group, ‘Working Paper: Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon’, 19 November 2024, </span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW122153289 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf</span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"> </span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"174","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"SR","countryName":"Suriname"}}},"region":"Latin_America","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Suriname has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Suriname aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[1]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"76","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"SE","countryName":"Sweden"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Sweden <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.<span> </span>Sweden regularly delivered statements throughout the consultations towards a Political Declaration, as well as raising concerns around explosive weapons in populated areas and expressing support for a Political Declaration in other multilateral forums. <span>During the Dublin Conference in November 2022, Sweden reiterated its commitment, and said that the political declaration will <strong>strengthen the respect for and implementation of existing International Humanitarian Law (IHL) globally</strong> and help to uphold the rules and principles that states are bound by.</span>[1]<span> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Early in the consultation process Sweden emphasised that the <strong>declaration should stress that the existing IHL provides a sufficient framework</strong> to address the problem of EWIPA, and that the objective of the declaration should be to strengthen IHL.[2]<span> </span>This was a repeated theme: at the 2020 consultation meeting, Sweden echoed Switzerland’s statement that the political declaration <strong>should condemn only clear violations of IHL</strong>[3] and during the 2021 consultations it raised concerns that the wording of the draft text, specifically the use of the word “restrict” in relation to the use of EWIPA, arguing it could be interpreted as requiring states to take precautions that go beyond existing IHL.[4] At the fourth round of consultations in April 2022, Sweden said the text had many improvements, but warned against adopting a declaration that gives the impression of seeking to create new rules and norms. It stressed that t<strong>here is not a lack of humanitarian law provisions, but rather lack of compliance </strong>with IHL.[5] Sweden also suggested that the <strong>follow-up process/review mechanism referenced in the text must be voluntary</strong>.</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span>Sweden attended the first international</span><span> follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\">Sweden has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on EWIPA. As a member of the European Union (EU), Sweden has signed onto numerous joint statements <strong>condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, as well as calling for greater IHL compliance</strong>. This includes at several UN Security Council open debates on the protection of civilians in armed conflict [6] and at the General Debate of UN General Assembly First Committee[7], as well as at the 2022 UN Security Council open debate on War in Cities where the EU expressed concern over the <strong>indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas, including near hospitals, schools, and universities</strong>.[8] The EU, with Sweden signing on, has also <strong>repeatedly welcomed the Political Declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> – at the 2022 Dublin Conference, the 2022 and 2023 UN General Assembly First Committee (where it <span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments)</span>, and at the 2023 UN Security Council open debate on the Protection of Civilians. <span>At the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on Protection of Civilian</span><span>s, the EU expressed that given the significant impact of the explosive weapons in populated areas its use should be restricted or avoided.[9]</span></p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Sweden also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>.”[10]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">In 2018 and 2019, Sweden joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[11]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span>At the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2022, the Nordic Countries, of which Sweden is a member, welcomed the finalised political declaration. The group also said that <strong>the declaration is a positive outcome at a time of increased pressure within the international security environment</strong>, as well as a good sign that the international community can still work together towards tangible humanitarian goals.</span>[12] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the UN General Assembly First Committee debate in 2024, the Nordic Group expressed concern for the increasing use of explosive weapons in populated areas, stating that it “poses great risk to civilians and civilian infrastructure. “ The Group underlined the key role of the Political Declaration herein, and said that “if fully implemented, it can improve the way we conduct military operations and ensure compliance with IHL”, encouraging all states to endorse it. [13] </span></span>Sweden has also signed onto other joint statements by the Nordic Group that have drawn attention to <strong>the importance of adhering to IHL and avoiding the use of EWIPA</strong>, including at the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2016.[14] In these statements, the Nordic Group highlighted the use of EWIPA as an issue that requires immediate attention, including through robust data collection on its impact and the sharing of policies and practices to prevent the use of EWIPA. <span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in 2024, the Nordic Countries highlighted the widespread and reverberating harm caused by the destruction of critical infrastructure, and welcomed initiatives that provide a more nuanced understanding of how patterns and types of harm affect different groups and identified the Political Declaration as a concrete tool to </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">minimise</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> such harm effectively.[15] </span>At the UN Security Council Open Debate War in Cities: Protection of Civilians in Urban Settings on 25 January 2022, the Nordic Countries jointly called on all parties to conflict to <strong>prevent civilian harm resulting from use of EWIPA, especially those with wide area effects</strong>.[16] </p>\n<p class=\"p4\">At this same meeting, the Group of Friends of the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict (of which Sweden is a member) called on states to <strong>enhance the protection of civilians, including from the use of EWIPA</strong>, and took note of the ongoing consultations to develop a political declaration on this subject.[17] The Group made similar remarks at the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in 25 May 2022.[18] <span>At the </span>UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict on 23 May 2023, the Group noted the adoption of the Political Declaration.[19] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> In 2024, the Group highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that “the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations.” To that end, the Political Declaration was identified as providing “practical tools that ensure that protection is real and effective”[20]. At the 2023 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflic</span></span>t and Hunger, of which Sweden is also a member, <strong>strongly welcomed the Political Declaration, called on other states to join it</strong>, and said that the Oslo Conference will provide a critical opportunity to make progress in implementing the Declaration.[21]</p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Statement at the High-Level Conference to adopt the Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences Arising from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (EWIPA)’. Government Offices of Sweden. 18 November 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Sweden.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Sweden.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Towards a Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: States Need to Ensure that Expressed Commitments Translate into Real Impacts on the Ground’. Reaching Critical Will. 2019. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-wepons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Written Comments’. Permanent Mission of Sweden to the United Nations. March 2020. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Sweden-March2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Sweden-March2020.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 2’.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pK6v1iIZG8A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pK6v1iIZG8A</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Swedish comments to the draft declaration’. Permanent Mission of Sweden to the United Nations. 3 March 202</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">1. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/3March_Sweden.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/3March_Sweden.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Agenda for Humanity. ‘Sweden’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/261.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/261.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Young, K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.2’. Reaching Critical Will. 8 October 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Nordic Statement October 2024: UNGA 79 First Committee - General Debate,’ </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/7Oct_Nordic.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/7Oct_Nordic.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.6790. 25 June 2012. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6790(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6790(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7019. 19 August 2013. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7606. 19 January 2016.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7606</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Nordic Statement October 2024: UNGA 79 First Committee - General Debate,’ </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/7Oct_Nordic.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/7Oct_Nordic.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"17\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"18\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"></span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"19\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"19\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"20\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"20\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW186567614 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"21\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW186567614 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"21\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW186567614 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW186567614 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"77","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"CH","countryName":"Switzerland"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\"><span>Switzerland </span><span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span> <span>At the endorsing conference in Dublin, Switzerland noted that </span>the principal purpose of IHL – to limit the effects of armed conflict – must always guide states in their actions, and expressed hope that improved data collection and sharing will help to avoid future civilian harm<span>[1].</span></p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Switzerland regularly delivered statements throughout the consultations towards a Political Declaration, as well as raising concerns around explosive weapons in populated areas and expressing support for a Political Declaration in other multilateral forums. Early in the consultation process, Switzerland emphasised that <strong>the declaration should stress that existing IHL provides a sufficient framework to address the problem of explosive weapons in populated areas and that the objective of the declaration should be to strengthen International Humanitarian Law</strong> (IHL).[2] Switzerland also said that the declaration should <strong>address the challenges posed by the urbanisation of violence, where civilians and combatants intermingle</strong>, noting that it is often not possible to choose to conduct military operations outside this setting.[3] In addition, it supported a call for the <strong>adoption and review of policies and practices</strong>—including in military doctrines, tactical instructions, rules of engagement, the testing and development of new weapons, education, and other measures—to enhance protection of civilians and compliance with IHL, and called for <strong>investigating allegations of use of explosive weapons in populated areas in violation of IHL</strong>, and, where appropriate, for the due prosecution of perpetrators[4].</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">As consultations progressed, Switzerland echoed these positions, whilst adding that it believed it would be appropriate to focus the Political Declaration on the conduct of hostilities in urban areas rather than focus on a particular system of weapons.[5] It also said that the Declaration should better <strong>reflect the role of non-state armed groups and strongly urged that the Declaration not focus only on clear violations of IHL</strong>.[6] It <strong>opposed the use of the qualifier ‘can’ in the title and text</strong> [7], and encouraged a <strong>broad approach to delineating the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, including through reflecting reverberating effects.[8] It encouraged the inclusion of a <strong>commitment on accountability </strong>on the Declaration, and also called for an <strong>open, transparent, and inclusive follow-up process</strong>, stressed the importance of ensuring such a process is adequate to meet the needs of the declaration[9].</p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Switzerland attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p6\">Switzerland has on several occasions spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. <span>During the <strong>first follow-up Conference</strong> on the Political Declaration’s implementation, Switzerland made a short statement during the session on Military Policies and Practices. It <strong>highlighted three areas of activities in which the Swiss Armed Forces has been focusing its implementation work, namely training, reviewing and adapting its practices and exchanges of good practices</strong>. On the topic of training, </span><span>Switzerland began by stating that “respect for IHL and the protection of civilians are systematically integrated into” its training programmes. IHL <strong>training focused on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> has been “provided to around a hundred senior officers from all branches of the Army.” In addition, <strong>urban combat and explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> was the main topic of Switzerland’s last annual <strong>training course on IHL for legal advisors to the armed forces</strong>. IHL has always been an integral</span><span> part of the Swiss military academy’s curriculum, which includes discussing particular challenges of combat in urban areas. Switzerland also <strong>emphasised its work to review and adapt its practices in line with the Declaration’s commitments,</strong> explaining that the Declaration had been discussed within its Interdepartmental IHL Committee, with<strong> several doctrinal documents and regulations now including references to the Declaration and its commitments</strong>. <strong>Since 2018, Switzerland’s Article 36</strong> (Additional Protocol 1 of t</span><span>he 1949 Geneva Conventions) <strong>obligations to evaluate the legality of new weapons has included considering the challenges associated with the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>. Finally, Switzerland highlighted the <strong>importance of states exchanging good practices</strong>, its participation in such exchanges, and welcomed future follow-up conferences[10].</span></p>\n<p class=\"p6\">Switzerland made reference to the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN Security Council Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in 2010,[11] where it said that their use was a “<strong>major source of suffering for civilians”</strong>. More recently, at the Security Council open debate in May 2023, Switzerland called on states to sign the Political Declaration.[12] <span>At the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2024, Switzerland<strong> called on states to take concrete action to protect civilians during conflict, and identified the Political Declaration as an “important instrument for achieving this objective”</strong>. Switzerland emphasised the importance of implementing the Political Declaration, emphasising t</span><span>he first follow-up conference in Norway, and the second, upcoming conference in Costa Rica, as opportunities to focus on implementation and share good practices. Switzerland also underlined the direct and indirect, long-term and ‘intergenerational’ effects of mines and explosive weapons, not only threatening the lives of millions of civilians but significantly hampering development efforts and the achievement of the sustainable development goals.[13] </span>Switzerland has welcomed the final text of the Political Declaration at the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2022[14] and, at the General Debate of the First Committee in 2017, had called for anchoring the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in the agenda of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW).[15] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>During the Meeting of the High </span><span>Contrating</span><span> Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, Switzerland expressed concern about the ongoing use of explosive weapons in populated areas[16].</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p6\">Alongside its individual statements, Switzerland has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. <span>As a member of the Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, Switzerland has supported statements at the UN Security Council stressing the <strong>importance of</strong></span><span><strong> respecting IHL and the need to enhance the protection of civilians from the effects of explosive weapons in populated areas.</strong></span>[17] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the 2024 debate, the Group highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that <strong>“the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations.”</strong> To that end, the Political <strong>Declaration was identified as providing “practical tools that ensure that protection is real and effective</strong>.”[18] </span></span>The<span> </span>Group of Friends of Action on Conflict and Hunger, of which Switzerland is also a member, strongly <strong>welcomed the Political Declaration, called on other states to join it, </strong>and said that the<strong> Oslo Conference will provide a critical opportunity to make progress in implementing </strong>the Declaration.[19] In 2018 and 2019, Switzerland joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm[20].</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">As part of the Human Security Network, Switzerland endorsed two statements addressing the risk of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict in 2013[21] and 2014.[22] The statements called for data collection and to refrain from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. Switzerland also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016. This included the commitment: “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>”[23].</p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Implementation of the Political Declaration</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169828486 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In February 2024, INEW and EWM conducted a state survey into endorser states' national efforts to disseminate and implement the Political Declaration. In the survey, Switzerland reported that it has </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">disseminated the Political Declaration to various governmental departments and committees</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>,<strong> the Government and Parliament</strong>, including its Foreign Affairs and Security Committees, and governmental departments responsible for <strong>Defence, Foreign Affairs and Justice and the Swiss Interdepartmental Committee for International Humanitarian Law</strong>[24].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169828486 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">Department of Foreign Affairs </span><span data-contrast=\"none\">and</span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> </span><span data-contrast=\"none\">the</span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport have joint responsibility for the implementation</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong> of the Political Declaration</strong>, with </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>point people </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>nominated in both; the Deputy Head for International Law and Law of Armed Conflict in the</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Armed Forces Staff, and a staffer in the Peace and Human Rights Division, respectively[25].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169828486 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Switzerland stated that it </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>had conducted briefings, workshops or trainings on the content of the Political Declaration, and was planning for its domestic implementation</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. These activities include a comprehensive briefing for its Joint Doctrine Board, responsible for approving all military doctrinal documents and regulations; as well as providing IHL trainers and legal advisors in the armed forces with urban warfare training. EWIPA and challenges with urban warfare have also been taught at the Swiss Military Academy since 2018[26].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169828486 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Switzerland reported that since 2018, references to EWIPA have been included in ‘various documents and regulations’, and that its Law of Armed Conflict Office has formulated binding requirements for training on explosive weapons and their future use. The office, which is responsible for legal reviews of weapons, has since 2018 highlighted the ‘challenges with EWIPA in every evaluation of an explosive weapon’[27].</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169828486 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Switzerland</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> <strong>identified a number of policies, practices, laws or doctrines that could be used to implement the Declaration’s commitments</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>,</strong> including its compulsory weapons review processes. It also suggested that advice from its National Committees for the implementation of international humanitarian law, integrating EWIPA into practical Armed Forces exercises, and reviews of all doctrinal documents and regulations by an authority familiar with the [EWIPA] subject matter could aid implementation[28].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169828486 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Beyond this, Switzerland emphasised its efforts to promote the issue and encourage universalisation in multilateral fora, the priority it has given to civilian protection at the UN Security Council, and its support for organisations focused on the promotion of IHL, </span><span>victim</span><span> assistance, and data collection on impact[29].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169828486 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>To view all of Switzerland's responses to the INEW and EWM state survey, and other states’ responses, see the </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW169828486 BCX0\" href=\"https://explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/reports/1/explosive-weapons-monitor-2023/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Explosive Weapons Monitor 2023</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, Chapter III on Universalisation and Implementation of the Political Declaration.</span></span></p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘</span><span>Cérémonie</span><span> </span><span>d'adoption</span><span> de la </span><span>Déclaration</span><span> politique sur le </span><span>renforcement</span><span> de la protection des civils </span><span>contre</span><span> les </span><span>conséquences</span><span> </span><span>humanitaires</span><span> </span><span>découlant</span><span> de </span><span>l’utilisation</span><span> </span><span>d’armes</span><span> explosives dans les zones </span><span>peuplées</span><span>’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> Switzerland 18 November 202</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>2.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Switzerland_French.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Switzerland_French.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Towards a Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: States Need to Ensure that Expressed Commitments Translate into Real Impacts on the Ground’. Reaching Critical Will. 2019. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-wepons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Protecting Civilians in Urban Warfare Towards a Political Declaration to Address the Humanitarian Harm Arising from the use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas Informal Consultations’. Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations. 18 November 2019.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/18Nov_Switzerland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/18Nov_Switzerland.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘Elements for a political declaration on the challenges of protecting civilians in urban warfare: Written Comments’. Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations. 18 November 2019.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Switzerland-Paper-Written-Submission---18-November-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Switzerland-Paper-Written-Submission—18-November-2019.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid. See also: ‘Switzerland’s comments to the draft political declaration on strengthening the protection of civilians from humanitarian harm arising from the use of explosive weapons in populated </span><span>areas’</span><span>. Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations. March 2020. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Switzerland-March2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Switzerland-March2020.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated </span><span>areas’</span><span>. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated </span><span>areas’</span><span>. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated </span><span>areas’</span><span>. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. ‘Switzerland’s comments to the draft political declaration on strengthening the protection of civilians from the humanitarian consequences that can arise from the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated </span><span>areas’</span><span>. Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations. March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Switzerland-March2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Switzerland-March2021.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EP82llmUacw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EP82llmUacw</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘Switzerland’s comments to the draft political declaration on strengthening the protection of civilians from the humanitarian consequences arising from the use of explosive weapons in populated </span><span>areas’</span><span>. Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations. April 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/20220413_5th_Informal_Consultations_CH-comments_REV2_fnl.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/20220413_5th_Informal_Consultations_CH-comments_REV2_fnl.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Consultations – Afternoon’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nO5frX2hnM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nO5frX2hnM</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>First international follow-up conference to the adoption of the Political Declaration on strengthening the protection of civilians from the humanitarian consequences arising from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, Statement by Ambassador H.E. M. Julien Thöni. 23 April 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Switzerland_Session_1_372cd8e2b5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Switzerland_Session_1_372cd8e2b5.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.6427. 22 November 2010. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6427\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6427</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>79 </span><span>ème</span><span> session de </span><span>l’Assemblée</span><span> </span><span>générale</span><span> Première Commission </span><span>Débat</span><span> </span><span>Général</span><span> General Debate New York, le 8 </span><span>octobre</span><span> 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/8Oct_Switzerland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/8Oct_Switzerland.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Young, K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.2’. Reaching Critical Will. 8 October 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee General Debate’. Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations. 5 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/5Oct_Switzerland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/5Oct_Switzerland.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Reaching Critical Will, ‘Civil society perspectives on the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons 13–15 November 2024’, 21 November 2024, P.5. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/reports/CCWR12.4.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/reports/CCWR12.4.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"17\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘Security Council Debate Highlights Harm </span><span>From</span><span> Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 25 June 2012.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/security-council-debate-highlights-harm-from-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.inew.org/security-council-debate-highlights-harm-from-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. Available from:</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. Available from:</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1) 21 May 2024. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"18\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1) 21 May 2024. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"19\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"19\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"20\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"20\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"21\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"21\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7019. 19 August 2013. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"22\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"22\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>U</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>nited Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"23\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"23\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Switzerland’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW112299942 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/262.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/262.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"24\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"24\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Switzerland’s response to the International Network on Explosive Weapons and the Explosive Weapons Monitor’s State Survey, March 2024. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"25\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"25\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"26\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"26\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"27\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"27\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"28\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"28\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW112299942 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"29\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW112299942 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":10,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"29\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW112299942 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"175","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"SY","countryName":"Syria"}}},"region":"Middle_East","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Syria has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did however, participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. In the early consultations it stated that the political declaration should: be <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">in line with the UN Charter and should be preventative to avoid an increase in urban nature of warfare</strong>; <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">include a clear call to implement UN resolutions on combating terrorism</strong>; <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">respect the sovereignty of states</strong>, territorial integrity, and non-interference in internal affairs; <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">include a call to end foreign occupation</strong> as main cause of suffering of civilians; and <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">reflect the imposition of coercive measures on states and consequent inability to respond to needs of civilians</strong>.[1] </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>It also said the political declaration must <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">include a clear article on the root causes of increasing use of urban warfare, foremost amongst which is support to armed terrorist groups</strong> that are able to occupy cities and towns using civilians as human shields.[2] It said all <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">data should be well documented and substantiated</strong> with evidence, and that when referencing commitment to International Humanitarian Law (IHL) it is necessary to mention “in all contexts”. Finally, Syria said the political declaration should not “welcome” the work of the UN Security Council but refer to the UN Charter and the UN Secretary-General’s statement on fighting terrorism.[3]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Ibid.</span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Ibid.</span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"176","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"TJ","countryName":"Tajikistan"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Tajikistan has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Tajikistan aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to “Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity” in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[1]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>. </span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"177","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"TZ","countryName":"Tanzania"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Tanzania has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. Tanzania participated in the Vienna Conference on the Protection of Civilians in Urban Warfare in October 2019, but did not issue any individual statement on EWIPA.[1] </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tanzania attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024.</span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p5\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p><span><span data-contrast=\"none\">At the United Nations General Assembly’s First Committee meeting in 2024, Tanzania expressed concern for the “intensity of the bombardment as well as application of sophisticated and advanced weapons in Ukraine and the Middle East” suggesting that it indicates that “current disarmament measures are inappropriate” and require “necessary adjustment”.[2]</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"> </span></span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Vienna Conference Marks Turning Point as States Support Negotiation of an International Political Declaration on Explosive Weapons’. INEW. 2019. </span><span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/vienna-conference-marks-turning-point-as-states-support-negotiation-of-an-international-political-declaration-on-explosive-weapons/\">https://www.inew.org/vienna-conference-marks-turning-point-as-states-support-negotiation-of-an-international-political-declaration-on-explosive-weapons/</a></span><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Permanent</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> Mission of the United Republic of Tanzania to the United Nations, “Statement by Amb. Hussein A. </span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Kattanga</span><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">, Permanent Representative of the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Republic of Tanzania to the United Nations at the First Committee General Debate 79th Session of the United Nations General Assembly”, 15 October 2024, </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125479561 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/15Oct_Tanzania1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com24/statements/15Oct_Tanzania1.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"178","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"TH","countryName":"Thailand"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Thailand endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas in January 2025. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As part of the Human Security Network, Thailand endorsed two statements addressing the risk of EWIPA at the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in 2013[1] and 2014.[2] The statements called for data collection and to refrain from the use of EWIPA. </span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7019. 19 August 2013. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7019.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7109. 12 February 2014. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7109</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"180","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"TL","countryName":"Timor-Leste"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Timor-Leste has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"78","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"TG","countryName":"Togo"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Togo <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. Togo participated in the Vienna Conference on the Protection of Civilians in Urban Warfare in October 2019,[1] as well as in the consultation for a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas in 2020 but did not issue any statement.[2] At the fourth round of consultations in April 2022, Togo expressed support for the Political Declaration and noted with satisfaction that the draft takes into account <strong>states’ responsibility in guaranteeing humanitarian assistance</strong>.[3]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Togo attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.</span></span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p4\">During the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, Togo expressed concern at the high number of civilians killed by explosive weapons in armed conflict.[4]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Alongside its individual statements, Togo has also aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. In 2017, Togo endorsed the communiqué arising from the Maputo Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas[5]. The Maputo Communiqué discussed the harms of explosive weapons in populated areas, the role of African states in working against it, and the need to create a Political Declaration on the matter. The 19 African states present agreed to work independently and cooperatively to, <em>inter alia</em>: <strong>avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; encourage <strong>collection of data and information</strong>; fully <strong>support the process towards adoption of an international Political Declaration</strong>; promote <strong>bilateral and regional cooperation through sharing experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm</strong> caused by explosive weapons to civilians; constructively <strong>engage in discussions and initiatives at international level</strong> that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; foster deeper and further <strong>engagement from African States</strong>; and strengthen <strong>cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Togo aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to “Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity” in May 2016, including the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to <strong>prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[6]</p>","references":"<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Vienna Conference Marks Turning Point as States Support Negotiation of an International Political Declaration on Explosive Weapons’. INEW. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/vienna-conference-marks-turning-point-as-states-support-negotiation-of-an-international-political-declaration-on-explosive-weapons/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/vienna-conference-marks-turning-point-as-states-support-negotiation-of-an-international-political-declaration-on-explosive-weapons/</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘More than 70 States Engage in Discussions on Political Declaration’. INEW. February 2020. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/more-than-70-states-engage-in-discussions-on-political-declaration/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/more-than-70-states-engage-in-discussions-on-political-declaration/</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. </span><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.6790. 25 June 2012.</span><span> </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6790\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6790</span></a><span>. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>‘Communiqué from Maputo Regional Conference on the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 28 November 2017. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/</span></a><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’ </span><span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</a></span><span>.</span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"181","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"TO","countryName":"Tonga"}}},"region":"Pacific","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Tonga has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"182","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"TT","countryName":"Trinidad and Tobago"}}},"region":"Caribbean","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Trinidad and Tobago has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. Trinidad and Tobago participated in the Vienna Conference on the Protection of Civilians in Urban Warfare in October 2019, but did not issue any individual statement on EWIPA.[1] </span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>‘Vienna Conference Marks Turning Point as States Support Negotiation of an International Political Declaration on Explosive Weapons’. INEW. 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/vienna-conference-marks-turning-point-as-states-support-negotiation-of-an-international-political-declaration-on-explosive-weapons/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/vienna-conference-marks-turning-point-as-states-support-negotiation-of-an-international-political-declaration-on-explosive-weapons/</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"183","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"TN","countryName":"Tunisia"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Tunisia has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Tunisia attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\"></span>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>During the November 2011 Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians, Tunisia said that the indiscriminate use of EWIPA must be banned.[1] Tunisia has also aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. At the UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in May 2021, the A3+1 (of which Tunisia is a member, alongside Kenya, Niger, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines), <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">condemned the use of EWIPA, highlighting the grave impacts for civilians</strong>[2] They also specifically expressed alarm at the bombings in Gaza and hostilities in the other occupied Palestinian territories, and called for full implementation of the ceasefire and provision of humanitarian assistance to Palestinians.</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Tunisia has acknowledged the need to protect civilians from the humanitarian consequences from explosive weapons in populated areas as a member of the Arab Group and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2024, a working paper submitted by the Arab Group drew attention to the Political Declaration, and the importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas.[3]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Tunisia aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[4]</span><span></span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.6650. 9 November 2011. </span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6650(Resumption1)\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.6650(Resumption1).</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Acheson, R. 2021. ‘Protecting Civilians by Preventing Conflict’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 June 2021. </span><a href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15343-protecting-civilians-by-preventing-conflict\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15343-protecting-civilians-by-preventing-conflict.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Arab Group, ‘Working Paper: Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon’, 19 November 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW23227830 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>. </span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"83","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"TR","countryName":"Türkiye"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Türkiye </span><span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span><span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Türkiye participated in the Vienna Conference on the Protection of Civilians in Urban Warfare in October 2019[1] and in the first round of consultations in Geneva in 2019.[2] In the latter, it asserted that the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">Political Declaration should not aim to create new norms, and called for the consideration of non-state actors</strong> in the declaration, it its written contribution noting that care should be taken when using the term “non-state actor” due to its ambiguity.[3] It reiterated these concerns in subsequent consultations, arguing that the Political Declaration should not open the door to NSAGs.[4] Throughout the consultations, Türkiye emphasised the need to strengthen protection of civilians through <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">enhancing existing international humanitarian law (IHL) rather than by establishing new rules</strong>, concepts or mechanisms.[5] During the Dublin Conference in November 2022, Türkiye said it endorsed the declaration with the understanding that it is legally non-binding, and it does not create new obligations or reinterpret existing obligations. Türkiye also said that the term <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">“non-state armed group” remains ambiguous</strong>.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW14576496 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Türkiye attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. At the conference, Türkiye re-stated that it<strong> </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">endorsed the Declaration with the understanding that its commitments align with existing, applicable international law</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, including international humanitarian law and </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">did not create new obligation</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>s</strong>. Türkiye said that the Declaration was an important instrument by which states show commitment to international humanitarian law. Türkiye also </span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">strongly condemned the indiscriminate use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> in ongoing conflicts and called out double standards in condemning this as undermining the Declaration[6].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW14576496 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>During the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, Türkiye submitted a working paper in which it stated that “in line with the importance we attach to protection of civilians in armed conflict, we endorsed the Political Declaration” on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It also expressed deep concern “with extensive use of explosive weapons in Gaza and continued export of weapons to Israel”, </span><span><strong>directly linking use and exports of explosive weapons</strong>, stating that this export was in “contradiction” with the commitments set out in the Political Declaration[7].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW14576496 BCX0\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":240}\"></span><span>Türkiye aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitment to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in its national capacity and as a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations”[8].</span></p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW40114775 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW40114775 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW40114775 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW40114775 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Statement by Turkey: Protecting Civilians in Urban Warfare - Towards a Political Declaration’. Permanent Mission of Turkey to the United Nations. 18 November 2019.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW40114775 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Turkey-Written-Submission-18-November-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/Turkey-Written-Submission-18-November-2019.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW40114775 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW40114775 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW40114775 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW40114775 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW40114775 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW40114775 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW40114775 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW40114775 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW40114775 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Written Submission’. Permanent Mission of Turkey to the United Nations. March 2020. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW40114775 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Turkey-March2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Turkey-March2020.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW40114775 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW40114775 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW40114775 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW40114775 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated </span><span>areas’</span><span>. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW40114775 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW40114775 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW40114775 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW40114775 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW40114775 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Foreign Ministry (2022). ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW40114775 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; Irish Foreign Ministry (2022). ‘Watch back. Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Afternoon Session’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW40114775 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW40114775 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW40114775 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW40114775 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW40114775 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Reaching Critical Will, ‘Notes from the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration Norway,’ April 2024. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW40114775 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW40114775 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW40114775 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW40114775 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Paragraph 4 of the working paper stated “In line with the importance we attach to protection of civilians in armed conflicts, we endorsed the Political Declaration on EWIPA. We are deeply concerned with extensive use of explosive weapons in Gaza and continued export of weapons to Israel in contradiction with EWIPA Political Declaration commitments.” ‘Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects: Working Paper’, 15 November 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW40114775 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Turkiye.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Turkiye.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW40114775 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW40114775 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW40114775 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW40114775 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Turkey’.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW40114775 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/273.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/273.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"184","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"TM","countryName":"Turkmenistan"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Turkmenistan has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Turkmenistan aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to “Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity” in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[1] </span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"185","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"TV","countryName":"Tuvalu"}}},"region":"Pacific","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Tuvalu has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"186","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"UG","countryName":"Uganda"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Uganda has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>In 2017, Uganda endorsed the communiqué arising from the Maputo Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas.[1] The Maputo Communiqué discussed the harms of explosive weapons in populated areas, the role of African states in working against it, and the need to create a Political Declaration on the matter. The 19 African states present agreed to work independently and cooperatively to, <em style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">inter alia</em>: <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; encourage <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">collection of data and information</strong>; fully <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">support the process towards adoption of an international Political Declaration</strong>; promote <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">bilateral and regional cooperation through sharing experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm</strong> caused by explosive weapons to civilians; constructively <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engage in discussions and initiatives at international level</strong> that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; foster deeper and further <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engagement from African States</strong>; and strengthen <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>In 2018 and 2019, Uganda joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[2] </span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Uganda is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, which aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to “Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity” in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[3]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Communiqué from Maputo Regional Conference on the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 28 November 2017. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).’ </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/233.html</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"187","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"UA","countryName":"Ukraine"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Ukraine has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It participated in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration: at the fourth round of consultations in April 2022, Ukraine condemned the use of EWIPA by Russia against Ukraine and suggested adding in the declaration language from the resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly condemning Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.[1]</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Ukraine has spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, often referencing its own experience. During the 2022 UN General Assembly First Committee, Ukraine referenced the harmful use of explosive weapons in populated areas</span><span>[</span>2<span>], and in 2023 [3] and 2024 [4] </span><span>highlighted the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapon use by Russian forces in Ukraine.</span><span> During the January 2016 Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians, Ukraine expressed concern about the humanitarian impact of EWIPA, and called for stricter norms to protect civilians.”[5]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Alongside its individual statements, Ukraine has on several occasions aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. In 2018 and 2019, Ukraine joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm[6]. </span>As a member of the Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, Germany has supported statements at the UN Security Council stressing the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">importance of<span> respecting IHL and the need to enhance the protection of civilians from the effects of explosive weapons in populated areas</span></strong><span>.</span><span>[7] In 2024, the Group highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that “<strong>the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations</strong>.” To that end, the Political <strong>Declaration was identified as providing “practical tools that ensure that protection is real and effective</strong>.”[8]</span><span></span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Ukraine also aligned with the statement delivered by the European Union (EU) during the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, in which the EU w</span><span>elcomed the political declaration and highlighted the importance of its adoption. The EU also highlighted the work ahead for implementing the declaration’s commitments, including at the 2024 Oslo Conference.</span>[9] At the 2024 UN Security Council open debate on Protection of Civilians, the EU, which Ukraine aligned itself with, expressed that given the <strong>significant impact of the explosive weapons in populated areas its use should be restricted or avoided.</strong>[10]<span></span></p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW64388600 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW64388600 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW64388600 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW64388600 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span></span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW64388600 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span></span><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW64388600 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW64388600 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW64388600 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW64388600 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Young, K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.2’. Reaching Critical Will. 8 October 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW64388600 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No2.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW64388600 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW64388600 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW64388600 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW64388600 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Young, K. 2023. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.21, No.5’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 November 2023.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW64388600 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW64388600 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW64388600 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW64388600 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW64388600 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>UN Security Council (2024), ‘S/PV.9632 (Resumption 2)’, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW64388600 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/142/87/pdf/n2414287.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/142/87/pdf/n2414287.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW64388600 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW64388600 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW64388600 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW64388600 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>UN Security Council (2016). ‘UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict Meeting Transcript’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW64388600 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7606</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW64388600 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW64388600 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW64388600 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW64388600 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW64388600 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019.</span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW64388600 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW64388600 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW64388600 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW64388600 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW64388600 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW64388600 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><a href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042</a></span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559685":360,"335559731":720}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW64388600 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559685":360,"335559731":720}\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. <a href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf</a><br><br></span></li>\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW64388600 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559685":360,"335559731":720}\">‘Statement on Conventional Weapons’. European Union. October 2023. <a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_EU.pdf\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com23/statements/23Oct_EU.pdf</a>.<br></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559685":360,"335559731":720}\"></span></li>\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW64388600 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559685":360,"335559731":720}\">EU Statement – UN Security Council: Protection of Civilians.’ Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 21 May 2024. <a href=\"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63\">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-new-york/eu-statement-%E2%80%93-un-security-council-protection-civilians_en?s=63</a> </span></li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"188","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"AE","countryName":"United Arab Emirates"}}},"region":"Middle_East","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not individually participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration but, as a member of the Arab Group, participated in the round of consultations that took place in 2021. There, the Arab Group highlighted the following said that the aim of the Declaration should be to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">strengthen protection of civilians through enhancing existing International Humanitarian Law (IHL), not by establishing new rules, concepts, or mechanisms</strong>. The Group expressed concern that the Declaration would stigmatise explosive weapons use, noting that it is their use in contradiction to the rules of IHL rather than the weapons themselves that makes some attacks unlawful. The Arab Group said any reference to non-state armed groups should be confined to IHL, without prejudice of self-determination and resistance to foreign occupation and aggression, and argued that the Political Declaration draft overlooked the use of human shields by such groups. The Arab Group also urged clarity over terms such as “populated areas”, “reverberating effects”, and “critical civilian infrastructure” which it argued were undefined and open to interpretation.[1]</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">Statements and positions</strong><span></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2024, a working paper submitted by the Arab Group, of which the United Arab Emirates is a member, <strong>drew attention to the Political Declaration, and the importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>.[2]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the UAE aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[3]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></a><span>; ‘Statement to EWIPA Political Declaration Informal Consultations’. The Arab Group. 3 March 2021. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/3March_Arab-Group.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/3March_Arab-Group.pdf.</span></a><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\">Arab Group, ‘Working Paper: Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon’, 19 November 2024, <a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf</a> </li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"79","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"GB","countryName":"United Kingdom"}}},"region":"Europe","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">The United Kingdom <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022.<span> </span>The UK regularly delivered statements throughout the consultations towards a Political Declaration, as well as raising concerns around explosive weapons in populated areas and expressing support for a Political Declaration in other multilateral forums. Early in the consultation process the United Kingdom underlined its belief that the Declaration should stress that existing International Humanitarian Law (IHL) provides a sufficient framework to address the problem of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and that the Political Declaration include a clear distinction between the legitimate use of explosive weapons in populated areas in specific conflict situations and indiscriminate use that breaches IHL.[1] In addition, it called for the consideration of non-state actors in the Declaration.</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">These were repeated themes throughout the United Kingdom’s statements to the negotiations. At the second round of consultations in 2020, the United Kingdom also suggested (and in subsequent consultations supported) the use of qualifiers in the text, such as that explosive weapons in populated areas “can have” rather than “are having” devastating impacts. It further argued that data collection in conflict environments is difficult so the Political Declaration should say “all practical measures” so as not to impose unreasonable or unrealistic burdens. It also suggested a broader reference such as “disaggregating where appropriate”. In its written contribution, the United Kingdom argued that “reverberating effects” has no definitional underpinning outside explosive weapons in populated areas debates, and that the Political Declaration needs to establish what is meant by the term. ”[2] It further opposed the text of paragraph 3.3, saying that the extant language on ‘restricting’ use of weapons is unacceptably prescriptive, and that without a definitional basis, there are major questions over how ‘effects’ and ‘immediate area’ would be defined.[3]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">As consultations progressed, the United Kingdom continued to support the use of qualifiers in the text, expressed concern that the Declaration would stigmatise explosive weapons use and argued against any phrasing in 3.3 that would commit states to changing their existing behaviour and decision-making with respect to the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, considering that there are many legitimate and lawful uses of explosive weapons. It raised concerns that the current wording (“restrict”) could be interpreted as requiring states to take precautions that go beyond existing IHL.[4] As consultations concluded, the United Kingdom expressed hope the Declaration would “make a tangible contribution to the promotion of fill compliance with IHL… and [create] a community for the sharing of best practice, along with the improvement of processes and procedures, underpinned by real military experience.”<span>[5</span>]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">The UK attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\">The UK has spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>During the first follow-up Conference on the Political Declaration’s implementation, the UK made a short statement during the session on Military Policies and Practices. It emphasised the fundamental role of international humanitarian law (IHL) in UK defence, that it provides comprehensive training to armed forces, and works with intelligence organisations, allied partners and civil society organisations to identify and protect protected groups in accordance with IHL. In addition, the UK highlighted the importance of taking into consideration second and third order effects (also known as reverberating effects) of damages to civilian infrastructure.[6] </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">During the May 2019 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, the United Kingdom stated that it agreed “with what the Minister of Germany said on their need for us to be examining the use of high explosives in urban areas.”[7] At the UN Security Council Open Debate War in Cities: Protection of Civilians in Urban Settings on 25 January 2022, the United Kingdom said it welcomed work on the Political Declaration, which “must serve to increase the protection of civilians without jeopardising ‘legitimate’ military actions.”[8]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\">At the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2022, the United Kingdom welcomed the conclusion of the negotiations on the Political Declaration.<span>[9</span>] <strong>During the Dublin Conference in November 2022, the United Kingdom reiterated its support for the Declaration, and said it will implement its own national policies, review them, and if necessary, improve them, and will continue to work with and support its civilian and military partners</strong>.<span>[10</span>] At the UN General Assembly First Committee in 2023, the United Kingdom <span>welcomed the Political Declaration and highlighted the importance of its adoption.</span> It also <span>highlighted the work ahead for implementing the Declaration’s commitments, including at the first international follow-up Conference in Norway in 2024.</span><span>[11</span>]</p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2024, a working paper submitted by the UK drew attention to the Political </span><span>Declaration, and</span><span> expressed that “events since then [its endorsement] have only underscored the need to take steps to prevent human suffering from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.” The </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>UK shared that it “has continued to use our knowledge and expertise to share good practice, learn from others and strengthen cooperation to support the implementation of its commitments.”</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> It also drew attention to the first follow-up conference in Norway, and upcoming conference in Costa Rica, sharing its commitment to attend, and </span><span>encouraged all actors to abide by the Political Declaration and all states to commit themselves to it.[12]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Alongside its individual statements, the United Kingdom has repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. <span>As a member of the Group of Friends on Protection of Civilians, the United Kingdom has supported statements at the UN Security Council stressing the <strong>importance of</strong></span><span><strong> respecting IHL and the need to enhance the protection of civilians from the effects of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and welcoming the Declaration</span>[13]. <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In its 2024 statement, the Group highlighted the widespread and reverberating harm caused by the destruction of critical infrastructure, and welcomed initiatives that provide a more nuanced understanding of how patterns and types of harm affect different groups and identified the Political Declaration as a concrete tool to minimise such harm effectively. [14] </span></span>As a member of the<span> </span>Group of Friends of Action on Conflict and Hunger, strongly <strong>welcomed the Political Declaration, called on other states to join it, and said that the Oslo Conference will provide a critical opportunity to make progress in implementing the Declaration</strong>.[15]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">The United Kingdom also aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ as an EU member state in May 2016. This included the commitment “to promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by <strong>working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations</strong>.”[16]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">As a previous member of the European Union (EU), the United Kingdom has signed onto numerous joint statements condemning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the harms it causes to civilians and civilian objects, including during the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in 2011, 2012, and 2013.[17] The EU also spoke out against the use of explosive weapons in populated areas during the General Debate of the 72nd UN General Assembly First Committee in 2017, recognising its potential impact on civilians and calling on all parties to armed conflict to fully comply with international humanitarian law (IHL).[18]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Implementation of the Political Declaration </strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW32374313 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In February 2024, INEW and EWM conducted a state survey into endorser states' national efforts to disseminate and implement the Political Declaration. In the survey, the UK reported that it <strong>had </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">disseminated the Political Declaration,</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong> information about it</strong>, and information about UK activity that aligns with its commitments to relevant UK government departments, including the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, and the Ministry of Defence. The UK reported that it has</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> <strong>nominated a point person responsible for the implementation of the Declaration</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong> </strong>in its Counter Proliferation and Arms Control Centre, which sits <strong>across the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, the Ministry of Defence, and the Department for International Trade</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>[19].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW32374313 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The UK stated that <strong>information about the Declaration had been communicated</strong>, including through staff communications, meetings and briefing materials, <strong>to relevant teams in the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, and the Ministry of Defence</strong>. These communications have<strong> focused on disseminating the aims and objectives</strong> of the Political </span><span>Declaration, and</span><span> <strong>provide information about UK activities</strong>[20].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW32374313 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The UK reported that <strong>“reviews of UK policy and practice have and will continue to take into account the commitments of the Political Declaration.”</strong> The “Joint Service Publication 985: Human Security in Defence” was highlighted by the UK as an example herein[21].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW32374313 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Beyond this, the UK emphasised its participation in multilateral EWIPA conferences and EWIPA-specific military workshops; its efforts to promote the Declaration in international forums and through bilateral engagements with states; as well as its work with civil society to support its universalisation and implementation activities, and its participation in the EWIPA Group of Friends group[22].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW32374313 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>To view all of the United Kingdom’s responses to the INEW and EWM state survey, and other states’ responses, see the </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW32374313 BCX0\" href=\"https://explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/reports/1/explosive-weapons-monitor-2023/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Explosive Weapons Monitor 2023</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, Chapter III on Universalisation and Implementation of the Political Declaration. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Permanent Missions of France, Germany, and United Kingdom to the United Nations (2019). ‘Written Submission’. Permanent Missions of France, Germany, and United Kingdom to the United Nations. 19 November 2019. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/France-Germany-United-Kingdom-Paper-Written-Submission---18-November-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/France-Germany-United-Kingdom-Paper-Written-Submission—18-November-2019.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘Written Contribution’.</span><span> </span><span>Permanent</span><span> Mission of the United Kingdom to the United Nations. March 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/UK-March2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/UK-March2020.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Written Contribution’. Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom to the United Nations. March 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/UK-March2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/UK-March2020.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; ‘Draft Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences arising from the use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. United Kingdom. April 2022)</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/United-Kingdom.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/United-Kingdom.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>‘Statement by the United Kingdom’. United Kingdom. 17 June 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/writtensubmissions-17june2022consultations/UK-statement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/writtensubmissions-17june2022consultations/UK-statement.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Reaching Critical Will, ‘Notes from the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway’, April 2024. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8534. 23 May 2019. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Young, K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.4’. Reaching Critical Will. 22 October 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No4.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No4.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>‘Statement by the United Kingdom’. United Kingdom. November 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/United-Kingdom.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/United-Kingdom.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Young, K. 2023. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.21, No.5’. Reaching Critical Will. 4 November 2023.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM23/FCM-2023-No5.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Kingdom ‘Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects: Working Paper’, 14 November 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/13Nov_UK.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/13Nov_UK.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9042. 25 May 2022. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9042</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1). 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Agenda for Humanity Archives. ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/275.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/275.html</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"17\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘EU Statement during the May 2011 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 10 May 2011. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/eu_poc_11may2011_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘EU Statement during the June 2012 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 25 June 2012.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/security-council/security-council-open-debate-protection-</span><span>civilians-armed-conflict-june-2012/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘EU Statement during the August 2013 UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 19 August 2013.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>http://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/european_union_poc_august_2013_debate_0.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"18\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘EU Statement to the UN General Assembly 72nd Session First Committee Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons’. Permanent Mission of the European Union to the United Nations. 18 October 2017.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW125919830 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_EU.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"19\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"19\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The UK’s response to the International Network on Explosive Weapons and the Explosive Weapons Monitor’s State Survey, March 2024.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"20\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"20\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"21\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"21\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW125919830 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"22\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW125919830 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Arial","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"22\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125919830 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"80","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"US","countryName":"United States"}}},"region":"Northern_America","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">The United States <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. During the endorsing conference in Dublin, the United States said it looks forward to continuing its collaboration on this Declaration, adding that to have a lasting impact this Declaration will need robust implementation by each state and active follow-on exchanges among states.<span>[1</span>]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span>The United States</span> regularly delivered statements throughout the consultations towards a Political Declaration[2], as well as raising concerns around explosive weapons in populated areas and expressing support for a Political Declaration in other multilateral forums. In the early stages the Unites States <strong>argued that the Political Declaration should not focus on the use explosive weapons in populated areas but more broadly on the protection of civilians in urban warfare</strong>, suggesting extensive revisions to widen the text and emphasising that<strong> explosive weapons should not be stigmatized as it their <em>misuse</em>, not their <em>use</em>, that is problematic</strong>.</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Though the United States maintained that<strong> a Political Declaration should not create new norms or renegotiate existing international humanitarian law (IHL) obligations, nor establish new concepts or mechanisms</strong>, it agreed that <strong>good military practices might go beyond what was required by IHL</strong>. It also suggested that <strong>non-state actors be included</strong> within the text, and argued that <strong>data does not need to be disaggregated and that data collection be “operationally feasible”</strong>.[3]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">As consultations progressed, the United States <strong>supported qualifiers throughout the text indicating that harm “can” potentially arise from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, arguing that not all explosive weapons use causes civilian harm</strong>. It also argued that: “In some circumstances, the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects could actually be the best means for minimizing civilian casualties” and called for the Declaration to recognise this as part of the “full range of good policies and practices that contribute to such protection.”[4] It also <strong>supported France’s suggestion to delete “wide area effects” throughout the entire text on the basis that the text should deal with all types of explosive weapons</strong>. The United States also expressed <strong>concern with the use of the phrase “populated areas,” as it is not defined under IHL</strong>, and noted the importance of protecting civilians outside of populated areas as well. It also <strong>said that</strong> <strong>damage to infrastructure does not automatically impact essential services and opposed use of the term “reverberating effects”</strong>.[5]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">The United States suggested that <strong>humanitarian consequences of “urban warfare” arise to a great extent from non-state armed groups that use human shields and operate in urban areas</strong>, which should be reflected in the Political Declaration. Unlike other participants, it specifically <strong>spoke <em>against</em> a review mechanism though it did later express support for a follow-up process that establishes a positive collaborative way forward</strong>, and not a forum that would judge states compliance in a politicized way.[6] Regarding paragraph 4.4. on victim assistance, the United States said it <strong>preferred the previous formulation to “make every effort to assist victims” instead of “provide, facilitate and support assistance to the injured survivors, families and communities affected by armed conflict”, saying that this commitment is unrealistic and too broad</strong>.[7] <span> </span>Regarding paragraph 4.4. on victim assistance, the United States said the draft formulation of “provide, facilitate and support assistance to the injured survivors, families and communities affected by armed conflict” was unrealistic and too broad. Regarding paragraph 3.3, the United States said that it's <strong>not feasible or realistic in combat generally to restrict or refrain from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and that if this provision does not reflect IHL and operational realities, it could prevent the United States and other states that are currently engaged in armed conflict to join the Declaration. [8]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">The US attended the first international follow-up conference on the Political Declaration in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. </p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125245791 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>At the first international follow-up conference, the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>US said that the Political <strong>“Declaration can help States do critically important work to improve the protection of civilians in armed conflict,” and hoped it provided </strong></span></span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">a “</span><span data-contrast=\"none\">framework under which States, in a collaborative spirit, exchange good practices for mitigating and responding civilian harm</span><span data-contrast=\"none\">” </span><span data-contrast=\"none\">and thus have “real-world impact in strengthening the protection of civilians”</span><span data-contrast=\"none\">. </span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">To this end,</span><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"> the </span><span data-contrast=\"none\">US presented reforms and institutional changes it has undertaken to improve its civilian harm mitigation and response</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, i</span><span>ncluding its Civilian Harm Mitigation Response Action Plan (CHMR-AP) and the Department of Defense Instruction on CHMR (CHMR DoDI), which it described as reforms and innovations that “have created a mutually reinforcing framework - an institutional ecosystem - which allows us to improve our CHMR approach now and continue to develop and improve over time”, and through which it has “created structures to ensure appropriate leadership and oversight of implementation within the” Department of Defense. The US </span><span>em</span><span>phasised</span><span> its view that there are important moral, legal and strategic imperatives associated with civilian harm mitigation and response[9].</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125245791 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The US outlined some of the actions taken herein, including establishing a Civilian Protection Center of Excellence, which it describes as a “hub of analysis, learning, and training related to” civilian harm mitigation and response, which will “aid us in institutionalizing good </span><span>practises</span><span> across the force”, and an expected 166 new positions. These include Civilian Harm Mitigation Response Officers embedded in combatant and operational commands, Civilian Harm Assessment Cells, and Civilian Environment Teams</span><span>[10].</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW125245791 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The US stated that the DoDI assigns clear responsibilities to the Secretaries of the Military department for developing doctrine and operating concepts to help mitigate civilian harm resulting from US military operations, and to incorporate civilian harm mitigation and response objectives into strategy, plans, exercises, training, professional military education. This will ensure the Department of Defense is “more effectively prepared to mitigate and respond to civilian harm” in any operating environment. I</span><span>t also contains language on improving battlespace awareness to enhance understanding of civilian and civilian objects throughout the targeting process, and </span><span>formalising</span><span> a policy “requirement to assess civilian harm resulting from military operations and [that] standardizes civilian harm assessment processes across” the Department of Defense. The US also </span><span>emphasised</span><span> that it viewed sharing best practices with partners, and learning from each other’s experiences and policies[11].</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"></span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">The US has on occasion spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums. During the Interactive Dialogue with the UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict at the Human Rights Council in September 2012, the United States expressed concern at the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.[12]<span> </span>At the UN Security Council Open Debate War in Cities: Protection of Civilians in Urban Settings on 25 January 2022, the United States <strong>noted that explosive weapons “have made it devastatingly easy to threaten and kill civilians” and said that “armed actors exploit this,” putting schools, hospitals, and other infrastructure in deliberate danger</strong>.[13] It also noted its participation in the diplomatic process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. At the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in May 2023, the Group of Friends of Action on Conflict and Hunger, of which the US is a member, <strong>strongly welcomed the Political Declaration, called on other states to join it, and said that the Oslo Conference will provide a critical opportunity to make progress in implementing the Declaration</strong>.[14] Similarly, at the 2022 UN General Assembly First Committee, the US welcomed the conclusion of the negotiations on the Political Declaration<span>[15</span>].</p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Implementation of the Political Declaration </strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169711805 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>In February 2024, INEW and EWM conducted a state survey into endorser states' national efforts to disseminate and implement the Political Declaration. In the survey, the <strong>US reported that it had </strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>disseminated the Political Declaration</strong>. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>This included disseminating it</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>internally within the US Government, including the Department of State and the Department of Defense before the US formally endorsed the Declaration[16].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169711805 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The US reported that it has</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> <strong>nominated a point person responsible for the implementation of the Declaration</strong>.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> It explained that “efforts to implement the Political Declaration <strong>span multiple offices and Departments across the US Government</strong>, including the Civilian Harm Mitigation and Response (CHMR) Policy Team under the Office of the Secretary of <strong>Defense</strong> and the Office of Security and Human Rights within the <strong>State Department</strong>’s Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor”[17].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169711805 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The US stated that it <strong>had conducted briefings, workshops or trainings on the content of the Political Declaration</strong> and plans for its domestic implementation. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The US <strong>explained that it “regards the content of the Political Declaration as reflected in its existing practice to effectively implement its obligations under international humanitarian law and to strengthen the protection of civilians in military operations</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>.” It added that the US “</span><span>recognises</span><span> the moral and strategic imperative of protecting civilians during military operations and the US military is continually striving to improve its policies and practices relating to the protection of civilians in armed </span><span>conflict.” Citing the commitment in paragraph 3.2, the US stated that it has been “engaged in and continues to engage in training for its armed forces on the international humanitarian law and good practices and polices with regard to the protection of civilians.”</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169711805 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The US also highlighted two Department of Defense Directives:</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169711805 BCX0\"><em><span data-contrast=\"none\">“DoD Directive 2311.01, DoD Law of War Program, training on international humanitarian law rules applicable to the United States is a critical component of effective programs to prevent violations. Providing additional training on applicable international humanitarian law can also be part of appropriate actions to ensure accountability and to improve efforts to prevent violations. In addition, DoD Directive 2311.01 specifies that periodic training for military members provided by the Military Departments (i.e., Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force) within the D oD will ensure that “[a]ll military members of their respective Military Department know the fundamental precepts of the law of war and that all members have knowledge of the law commensurate with each individual’s duties and responsibilities.”</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></em></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169711805 BCX0\"><em><span data-contrast=\"none\">Under U.S. D oD Instruction 3000.17, CHMR , a key element of DoD policy is for DoD components to “[d]evelop professional tracks, skill identifiers, and certification requirements for key CHMR personnel and functions. ” DoD components are to “[t] rain and educate DoD personnel, commensurate with their responsibilities, on: (a) Law of war rules and principles relevant to CHMR, in accordance with DoDD 2311.01. (b) Policy, doctrine, and other guidance related to the protection of civilians and civilian objects and other aspects of CHMR. (c) Practices that effectively reduce the likelihood of civilian harm and policies and practices for appropriately and effectively responding to civilian harm.”</span><span data-contrast=\"none\">[18]</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></em></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169711805 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The US responded in the affirmative to the question of whether it had reviewed existing laws, policies, codes or similar relevant to the protection of civilians, to identify areas where further policy development is necessary to meet the commitments under the Declaration and avoid civilian harm from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. Elaborating on this, the US stated that <strong>“</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>Prior to U.S. endorsement</strong> of the Political Declaration in 2022, t<strong>he U.S. Government reviewed the Political Declaration and assessed that the commitments under the Political Declaration were already reflected in existing U.S. military policy and practice</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. In addition, the United States is also actively working to strengthen this policy and practice and to support other States in doing so”[19].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169711805 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Expanding on this, the </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>US explained that <strong>“a wide range of US policies are relevant to implementing the commitments in the Political Declaration</strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>”</strong> referencing its Department of Defense Directive 2311.01, which established policy and assigns responsibilities for the Department’s Law of War Program, establishes a Law of War Working Group, responsible for preparing the Law of War Manual, which provides information on the Law of War to the Department’s personnel responsible for implementing the law and executing military operations. It</span><span> also highlighted the Department of Defense Instruction 3000.17, which was issued on 21 December 2023. It described the instruction as a “significant step towards improving the US military’s approach to mitigating and responding to military harm.” The more than 50 page policy instruction, which establishes Department of Defense policy, assigns responsibilities among Department officials and provides procedures for civilian harm mitigation and response, was referenced as a key milestone in the Civilian Harm </span><span>Mitigation and Response Action Plan[20].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169711805 BCX0\"><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\">Referencing “specific practices that could be used to help implement the commitments in the Political Declaration” the US also highlighted a draft technical compilation of Practical Measures</span></strong><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> to Strengthen the Protection of Civilians During Military Operations in Armed Conflict, jointly submitted in 2019 by Belgium, France, Germany, the UK and the US, stating that this could form a basis for future exchanges, workshops and seminars among militaries[21].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169711805 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Upon a question about whether they had faced or identified any challenges in their planning for or implementing of the commitments set out in the Declaration, the US responded in the negative. However, it </span><span>emphasised</span><span> that good practices could help strengthen compliance with and improve the implementation of applicable international humanitarian law outside of the context of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, stating that it believes that policies and practices developed by states with regard to</span><span> the protection of civilians should be implemented with regard to non-explosive weapons and when weapons are used outside of populated areas[22].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169711805 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The US</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span><strong>emphasised that it is “committed to strengthening its practice with regard to the protection of civilians in military operations and to supporting other States in doing so as well”</strong></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, highlighting a number of initiatives starting in August 2022 with the Civilian Harm Mitigation Response Action Plan, the Department of Defense Instruction on civilian harm mitigation and response. It highlighted few key initiatives including 1) embedding Civilian Harm Mitigation Response Officers “into appropriate combatant and</span><span> operational commands”, 2) creating Civilian Harm Assessments Cells “which include Civilian Harm Assessment and Investigation Officers who will improve and standardize the US military’s efforts to assess and investigate incidents that potentially involve civilian harm”; and 3) “incorporating guidance for addressing civilian harm across the full spectrum of operations - from doctrine, plans, professional military education to training, and exercises.” These initiatives, the US stated “address several details</span><span> of paragraph 4.5 of the Political Declaration, which pertains to victim assistance. The US stated that the Department of Defense has created a Civilian Harm Mitigation and Response Policy Directorate, which provides policy support to senior leaders and provides policy oversight, and a “Civilian Protection Center of Excellence to help </span><span>analyse</span><span> data related to civilian harm, formulate best practices related to civilian harm mitigation, and to train personnel responsible for CHMR [civilian harm mitigation and </span><span>response] issues across the force”[23].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169711805 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The US also highlighted that its newly formed civilian harm response and mitigation policy team has been “actively working to strengthen and promote international cooperation and exchanges of best practices on civilian harm mitigation among our allies and partners” and drew attention to an International Contact Group it co-leads with counterparts from the Netherlands, aimed at advancing international exchanges herein, learn from each other’s experiences and policies, and develop shared practices[24].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169711805 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>The US explained that it “</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>actively supports efforts to promote implementation of the Political Declaration and to use it as a mechanism to promote the exchange of best practices between militaries</strong> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>from around the world to learn from each other and continue to improve their policies and practices\"[25].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169711805 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>It also highlighted its work on removing and destructing explosive remnants of war, and its support for “individuals and communities affected by conflict around the world by providing protection and assistance to vulnerable populations and those with the greatest needs including women, children, the elderly and disabled”[26].</span></span></p>\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW169711805 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>To view all of the US’ responses to the INEW and EWM state survey, and other states’ responses, see the </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW169711805 BCX0\" href=\"https://explosiveweaponsmonitor.org/reports/1/explosive-weapons-monitor-2023/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Explosive Weapons Monitor 2023</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, Chapter III on </span><span>Universalisation</span><span> and Implementation of the Political Declaration.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215,"335559739":280}\"> </span></p>","references":"<div class=\"SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Watch Back Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Morning Session.’</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW205057736 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2VpYQzoKyo</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Reaching Critical Will (2019). ‘Towards a Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: States Need to Ensure that Expressed Commitments Translate into Real Impacts on the Ground’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW205057736 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Towards a Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: States Need to Ensure that Expressed Commitments Translate into Real Impacts on the Ground’. Reaching Critical Will. 2019. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW205057736 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14451-towards-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-wepons-in-populated-areas-states-need-to-ensure-that-expressed-commitments-translate-into-real-impacts-on-the-ground</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW205057736 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; ‘Elements of a Political Declaration to Strengthen the Protection of Civilians from Humanitarian Harm Arising From Military Operations During Armed Conflict, Including in Urban Warfare’. Permanent Mission of the United States to the United Nations. 10 February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW205057736 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/10Feb_US.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/statements/10Feb_US.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>; Written Submission’. Permanent Mission of the United States to the United Nations. March 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW205057736 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/US-March2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/US-March2020.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>;</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW205057736 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW205057736 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW205057736 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":8,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Irish Department of Foreign Affairs ‘Watch Back: Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations’.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW205057736 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EP82llmUacw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EP82llmUacw</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>; ‘US government proposed edits’. United States. April 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW205057736 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/United-States.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/United-States.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘DIR Dan E. Stigall U.S. Department of Defense Office of the Secretary of Defense (Policy) Remarks for the first international follow-up conference to the adoption of the Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences Arising from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’, April 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW205057736 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Dan_E_Stigall_Panel_1_020009f836.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Dan_E_Stigall_Panel_1_020009f836.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Ibid. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>‘Statement to the Human Rights Council’. Permanent Mission of the United States to the United Nations. 11 September 2012. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW205057736 BCX0\" href=\"https://geneva.usmission.gov/2012/09/11/successes-of-children-and-armed-conflict-process-include-the-freeing-of-over-10000-child-soldiers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://geneva.usmission.gov/2012/09/11/successes-of-children-and-armed-conflict-process-include-the-freeing-of-over-10000-child-soldiers/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW205057736 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW205057736 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"15\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Young, K. 2022. ‘First Committee Monitor, Vol.20, No.4’. Reaching Critical Will. 22 October 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW205057736 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No4.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/FCM22/FCM-2022-No4.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"16\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>The US’ response to the International Network on Explosive Weapons and the Explosive Weapons Monitor’s State Survey, March 2024.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"17\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"18\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"19\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"19\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"20\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"20\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"21\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"21\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"22\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"22\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"23\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"23\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"24\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"24\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"25\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"25\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW205057736 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"26\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW205057736 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":9,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1.","469777815":"multilevel"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"26\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW205057736 BCX0\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span>Ibid.</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n</div>"}},{"id":"81","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"UY","countryName":"Uruguay"}}},"region":"Latin_America","endorsed":true,"content":"<p class=\"p4\">Uruguay <span>was actively involved in the process to develop a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and was</span> among the first group of states to endorse the Political Declaration in Dublin in November 2022. <span>During the Dublin Conference in November 2022, Uruguay expressed support for the declaration, as it recognizes the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas and will contribute to reduce human suffering.[1]</span> During the early consultations, Uruguay agreed the <strong>regional Maputo and Santiago Communiqués should be reflected in the text, as well as the impacts of explosive weapons use on the Sustainable Development Goals</strong> (SDGs).[2] It also agreed that <strong>language on victim assistance could be strengthened, and that the protection of schools and medical facilities should be explicitly included, and urged that the declaration reflect the reverberating effects</strong> of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.[3]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">This was a recurring theme throughout Uruguay’s statements, alongside<strong> support for strong and detailed commitments on non-discriminatory humanitarian assistance</strong>. This included suggestions that <strong>reference should be made to emergency medical assistance, physical and psychological rehabilitation, family reunification and the protection of children, women and minority and vulnerable groups for their social reintegration</strong>, as well as replacing “make every effort to assist” with “ensure assistance is provided”.[4] Uruguay consistently <strong>opposed the inclusion of qualifying language such as “can cause harm”</strong> in the text.[5] It also agreed with the <strong>principle of avoiding the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, in line with the principle of the non-use of force</strong>. On this, it added that “when there are no other means to achieve a given military objective, it will be required that <strong>mitigation measures are adopted to limit its effects on the chosen objective, seeking to safeguard human lives</strong> in populated areas.”[6]</p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>Uruguay <strong>attended the first international follow-up meeting on the Political Declaration</strong> in Oslo, Norway in April 2024. In its statement, Uruguay said it </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>endorsed a set of recommendations by the ICRC, including</strong>, in the short term, to work to identify a <strong>national point person</strong> for the Political Declaration, <strong>actively disseminate</strong> the Declaration <strong>within its armed forces and Ministry of </strong></span><strong>Defence</strong></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span><strong>,</strong> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>place the <strong>implementation of the Declaration on the agenda of its national commission for international humanitarian law</strong> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>and other relevant national bodies,<strong> </strong></span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><strong>publish a voluntary report outlining national steps taken to implement</strong> the Declaration</span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span>, and support the establishment </span><span>of working groups or <strong>intergovernmental exchanges</strong> between stake holders. Uruguay also paid tribute to the work of civil society in advancing civilian protection. [7]</span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335557856":16777215}\"> </span></p>\n<p class=\"p5\">Uruguay has frequently spoken on explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, primarily to highlight the <strong>harms caused to civilians</strong>. During the August 2016 Security Council Open Debate on Children and Armed Conflict, Uruguay said the growing use of explosive weapons in populated areas was “reprehensible,” and condemned attacks against civilians in Syria and Yemen, including attacks against schools and hospitals.[8] During the UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in May 2019 Uruguay called for a reduction of the proliferation of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and highlighted a regional meeting on the issue in Chile in 2018.[9]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Uruguay has also repeatedly aligned with other states to deliver statements on explosive weapons in populated areas. <span>Alongside 22 other Latin American and Caribbean states, Ecuador participated in the Santiago Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas in 2018, resulting in <strong>the Santiago Communiqué</strong></span>[10]<span><strong> in which the participating states agreed to take further action on the issue</strong>. </span>In 2019, Uruguay joined 71 states to endorse a joint statement on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong>devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm.[11]</p>\n<p class=\"p4\">At the UN Security Council Open Debate War in Cities: Protection of Civilians in Urban Settings on 25 January 2022, the Group of Friends of the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, of which Uruguay is a member, called on states to <strong>enhance the protection of civilians, including from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and took note of the ongoing consultations to develop a Political Declaration on this subject.[12] <span>At the </span>UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict on 23 May 2023, the Group noted the adoption of the Political Declaration.[13] <span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">At the 2024 debate, the Group highlighted the harm caused by explosive weapons in populated areas across ongoing conflicts, and stressed that<strong> “the effective protection of civilians and civilian objects must be made a strategic priority in the planning and conduct of military operations.”</strong> To that end, the Political <strong>Declaration was identified as providing “practical tools that ensure that protection is real and effective</strong>.”[14]</span></span></p>","references":"<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW220196650 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW220196650 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> ‘Watch back. Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Dublin Conference – Afternoon Session’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW220196650 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmkCPwSq5M4</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW220196650 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":2,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW220196650 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2020. ‘Impacts, not intentionality: the imperative of focusing on the effects of explosive weapons in a Political Declaration’. Reaching Critical Will. 14 February 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW220196650 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/14658-impacts-not-intentionality-the-imperative-of-focusing-on-the-effects-of-explosive-weapons-in-a-political-declaration</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW220196650 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":3,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW220196650 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Ibid. See also: </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW220196650 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW220196650 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"8\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":4,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW220196650 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Written Comments’. Permanent Mission of Uruguay to the United Nations. May 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW220196650 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Uruguay-March2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Uruguay-March2020.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; Rafferty, J., Geyer, K., Acheson, R., 2021. ‘Report on the March 2021 consultations on a Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas’. Reaching Critical Will. 21 March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW220196650 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/15213-report-on-the-march-2021-consultations-on-a-political-declaration-on-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘Written Comments’. Permanent Mission of Uruguay to the United Nations. March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW220196650 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Uruguay-March2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Uruguay-March2021.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">;</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. ‘Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas – Political Declaration Consultations, Day 1 Afternoon’. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW220196650 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPllKWRMlNg</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">; ‘EWIPA – Informal consultations April 2022’. Uruguay. April 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW220196650 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/Uruguay.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/submissions6-9april/Uruguay.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW220196650 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"6\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":5,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW220196650 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Written Comments’. Permanent Mission of Uruguay to the United Nations. March 2021.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW220196650 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Uruguay-March2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Uruguay-March2021.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW220196650 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"6\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":6,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW220196650 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Written Comments’. Permanent Mission of Uruguay to the United Nations. May 2020.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW220196650 BCX0\" href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Uruguay-March2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ewipa/declaration/documents/Uruguay-March2020.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW220196650 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"7\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW220196650 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Statement by Uruguay at the First International Follow-up Conference on the Political Declaration, 22-23 April 2024, </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW220196650 BCX0\" href=\"https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Uruguay_5d2f4c362a.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://cms.ewipa.org/uploads/Uruguay_5d2f4c362a.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW220196650 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"8\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW220196650 BCX0\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.7753. 2 August 2016. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW220196650 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7753\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.7753</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW220196650 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"9\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW220196650 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.8534. 23 May 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW220196650 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8534</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW220196650 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"10\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW220196650 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘Santiago Communiqué from the Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Santiago, Chile)’. INEW. December 2018. </span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW220196650 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/communique-from-regional-meeting-on-protecting-civilians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas-santiago-chile</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW220196650 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"11\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW220196650 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW220196650 BCX0\" href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">;</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW220196650 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW220196650 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"12\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW220196650 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">Acheson, R. 2022. ‘UN Security Council Debates War in Cities and the Protection of Civilians.’ Reaching Critical Will, 28 January 2022.</span></span><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW220196650 BCX0\" href=\"https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/news/latest-news/16009-un-security-council-debates-war-in-cities-and-the-protection-of-civilians</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW220196650 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"13\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW220196650 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-ccp-border-bottom=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-bottom=\"0px\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council. S/PV.9327. 23 May 2023. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW220196650 BCX0\" href=\"https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.9327(Resumption1)</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">. </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"ListContainerWrapper SCXW220196650 BCX0\">\n<ol class=\"NumberListStyle1 SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"list\" start=\"14\">\n<li class=\"OutlineElement Ltr SCXW220196650 BCX0\" role=\"listitem\" data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{"335551671":7,"335552541":0,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Calibri","469769242":[65533,0],"469777803":"left","469777804":"%1."}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<p class=\"Paragraph SCXW220196650 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">United Nations Security Council S/PV.9632 (Resumption 1) 21 May 2024. </span></span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW220196650 BCX0\" href=\"https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\">https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/pro/n24/140/54/pdf/n2414054.pdf?token=gnNZ75yWJDSvjAuWNa&fe=true</span></span></a><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal\"> </span></span><span data-ccp-props=\"{"335559685":1080,"335559991":360,"335572071":0,"335572072":0,"335572073":4278190080,"335572075":0,"335572076":0,"335572077":4278190080,"335572079":0,"335572080":0,"335572081":4278190080,"335572087":0,"335572088":0,"335572089":4278190080,"469789798":"none","469789802":"none","469789806":"none","469789814":"none"}\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>"}},{"id":"189","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"UZ","countryName":"Uzbekistan"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Uzbekistan has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Uzbekistan aligned with World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">promote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[1] </span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"190","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"VU","countryName":"Vanuatu"}}},"region":"Pacific","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Vanuatu has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"191","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"VN","countryName":"Viet Nam"}}},"region":"Asia","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>Viet Nam has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA). It has not yet commented on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas in multilateral forums, and it did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration. </span><span></span></p>","references":null}},{"id":"192","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"YE","countryName":"Yemen"}}},"region":"Middle_East","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Yemen has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>At the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2024, a working paper submitted by the <strong>Arab Group</strong>, of which Yemen is a member, <strong>drew attention to the Political Declaration, and the importance of strengthening civilian protection from the humanitarian consequences of explosive weapons in populated areas.</strong>[1]</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>As a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Yemen aligned with the World Humanitarian Summit Core Commitments to ‘Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity’ in May 2016, including the commitment “to p<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">romote and enhance the protection of civilians and civilian objects, especially in the conduct of hostilities, for instance by working to prevent civilian harm resulting from the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas</strong>, and by sparing civilian infrastructure from military use in the conduct of military operations.”[2]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\"><span>Agenda for Humanity. ‘Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).’ </span><span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html\">https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholder/233.html</a></span><span>. <br><br></span><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes;\">Arab Group, ‘Working Paper: Implementation of Obligations Under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in Light of Violations by the Occupying Power in the Palestinian Territory and Lebanon’, 19 November 2024, <a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf\">https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2024/hcp/statements/14Nov_Arab_Group.pdf</a> </li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"193","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"ZM","countryName":"Zambia"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Zambia has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>In 2017, Zambia endorsed the communiqué arising from the Maputo Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas.[1] The Maputo Communiqué discussed the harms of explosive weapons in populated areas, the role of African states in working against it, and the need to create a Political Declaration on the matter. The 19 African states present agreed to work independently and cooperatively to, <em style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">inter alia</em>: <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; encourage <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">collection of data and information</strong>; fully <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">support the process towards adoption of an international Political Declaration</strong>; promote <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">bilateral and regional cooperation through sharing experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm</strong> caused by explosive weapons to civilians; constructively <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engage in discussions and initiatives at international level</strong> that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; foster deeper and further <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engagement from African States</strong>; and strengthen <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>In 2018 and 2019, Zambia joined some 50 and 71 states respectively to endorse joint statements on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas at the UN General Assembly First Committee, calling attention to the <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">devastating and long-lasting humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas</strong> and urging states to reverse the trend of high levels of civilian harm[2]. Zambia also aligned with the Joint Commitment </span><a href=\"http://www.agendaforhumanity.org/commitment/495\"><span>123002</span></a><span> to the World Humanitarian Summit led by Austria in May 2016, where it <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">pledged to raise awareness about the challenges posed to civilians by the use of explosive weapons with wide are effects in populated areas</strong>.[3]</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Communiqué from Maputo Regional Conference on the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 28 November 2017. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/.</span></a><br><br><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘UNGA73 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (explosive weapons in populated areas)’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 25 October 2018. </span><a href=\"https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EWIPA.pdf\"><span>https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_explosive weapons in populated areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘UNGA74 First Committee Joint Statement on Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations. 24 October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf\"><span>https://article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNGA74-joint-statement-on-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas.pdf</span></a><span>; ‘Seventy-one States call for Action on Impact of Explosive Weapons in Joint Statement to UN General Assembly’. International Network on Explosive Weapons. October 2019. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/seventy-one-states-call-for-action-on-impact-of-explosive-weapons-in-joint-statement-to-un-general-assembly/.</span></a><br><br><span></span></li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Agenda for Humanity’. </span><a href=\"https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/123.html#495\"><span>https://agendaforhumanity.org/stakeholders/commitments/123.html#495</span></a><span>. </span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}},{"id":"194","attributes":{"country":{"data":{"attributes":{"countryCode":"ZW","countryName":"Zimbabwe"}}},"region":"Africa","endorsed":false,"content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>Zimbabwe has not yet endorsed the Political Declaration on the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. It did not actively participate in the negotiations towards a Political Declaration.</span></p>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span><strong>Statements and positions</strong></span></h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span>In 2017, Zimbabwe endorsed the communiqué arising from the Maputo Regional Meeting on Protecting Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas.[1] The Maputo Communiqué discussed the harms of explosive weapons in populated areas, the role of African states in working against it, and the need to create a Political Declaration on the matter. The 19 African states present agreed to work independently and cooperatively to, <em style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">inter alia</em>: a<strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">void the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas</strong>; encourage <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">collection of data and information</strong>; fully <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">support the process towards adoption of an international Political Declaration</strong>; promote <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">bilateral and regional cooperation through sharing experiences, good practices and expertise on reducing the harm</strong> caused by explosive weapons to civilians; constructively <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engage in discussions and initiatives at international level</strong> that could effectively provide greater protection to civilians in armed conflicts; foster deeper and further <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">engagement from African States</strong>; and strengthen <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">cooperation and partnerships with international organizations and civil society organisations</strong> to draw upon their relevant expertise and support.</span></p>","references":"<ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm;\" start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;\"><span>‘Communiqué from Maputo Regional Conference on the Protection of Civilians from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas’. INEW. 28 November 2017. </span><a href=\"https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/\"><span>https://www.inew.org/maputo-regional-conference-on-the-protection-of-civlians-from-the-use-of-explosive-weapons-in-populated-areas/</span></a><span>.</span><span></span></li>\n</ol>"}}]
